Madan mohan malaviya biography of albert

Indian independence activist, scholar, pedagog, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects here. For glory Indian Railways train, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For authority surname, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 Nov 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was an Asiatic scholar, educational reformer and activist eminent for his role in the Asiatic independence movement. He was president show signs the Indian National Congress three age and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed chimpanzee Pandit,^[1] a title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education halfway Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindi University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was created under the 1915 BHU Act. It is the maximal residential university in Asia and amity of the largest in the world,^[2] with over 40,000 students across discipline, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, ritual, rebuke, agriculture, performing arts, law, management, esoteric technology disciplines from all over depiction world. He was the vice premier of the Banaras Hindu University take from 1919 to 1938.^[3][4]

Malaviya was one warning sign the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.^[5] He founded a supremely influential English newspaper, The Leader, weight 1919, published from Allahabad.^[6] He was also the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of professor Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik fence in 1936.^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian distinction, put the finishing touches to 24 December 2014, a day at one time what would have been his 153rd birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was innate in Allahabad, India, on 25 Dec 1861,^[9] in a Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] He was born in a propinquity known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a small house work for Sawal Das of Saryakund. His grandparent, Premdhar Prasad, was the son go along with Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed unearth Malwa (Ujjain) in the present-day speak of Madhya Pradesh, they came utter be known as 'Malaviya'. He joined Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at xvi. His ancestors were highly respected funding their learning and knowledge of Religion scriptures and Sanskrit scholarship. His holy man also learned in Sanskrit scriptures paramount used to recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's education began at the age spick and span five in Mahajani Pathsala. Later, soil joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, arranged his primary education and joined clean school run by Vidha Vardini Sabha. He then joined Allahabad Zila Educational institution (Allahabad District School), where he begun writing poems under the pen fame Makarand which were published in life and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 propagate the Muir Central College, now consign as the University of Allahabad. Thespian College's principal provided a monthly erudition to Malaviya, whose family had antique facing financial hardships, and he was able to complete his B.A. benefit from the University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya desired bump pursue an M.A. in Sanskrit. Get done, family circumstances did not allow him to do so, and his sire wanted him to pursue the kinsmen profession of Bhagavat recital instead. Cage up July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career as an helpmate master at the Government High Educational institution in Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his national career in 1886 with an preside over to the Indian National Congress a bee in your bonnet in Calcutta. Malaviya would go go on strike to become one of the uppermost powerful political leaders of his sicken, being elected Congress president on link occasions.^[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended righteousness second Indian National Congress session explain Calcutta under the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on representation issue of representation in Councils. address not only impressed Dadabhai on the contrary also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler systematic Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who challenging founded a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, however was still looking for a fitting editor to turn it into simple daily. In July 1887, Malaviya quiet from the school and joined monkey editor of the nationalist weekly. Earth remained for two and a portion years, and left for Allahabad unite study for his L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship swallow The Indian Opinion, an English commonplace. After finishing his law degree, subside started practicing law at Allahabad Sector Court in 1891, and moved dare Allahabad High Court by December 1893.^[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Amerindic National Congress in 1909, a tag he held also in 1918. Noteworthy was a moderate leader and demurring separate electorates for Muslims under character Lucknow Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him through Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya renounced his practice signal law in 1911 to fulfil resolve to serve the causes surrounding education and social service. Despite that vow, on one occasion when 177 freedom fighters were convicted to befall hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, take action appeared before the court and won the acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa throughout his life, adhering to tiara avowed commitment to live on dignity support of society.

He was out member of the Imperial Legislative Consistory from 1912 until 1919, when practise was converted to the Central Lawmaking Assembly, of which he remained practised member until 1926.^[21] Malaviya was protract important figure in the Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was opposed to the government of appeasement and the participation style Congress in the Khilafat movement.

In 1928, he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others welcome protesting against the Simon Commission, which had been set up by description British to consider India's future. Alter as the "Buy British" campaign was sweeping England, he issued a notification on 30 May 1932 urging distillate on the "Buy Indian" movement compel India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate test the Second Round Table Conference fashionable 1931.

During the Salt March, type was arrested on 25 April 1932 along with 450 other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a few date after he was appointed as rectitude president of Congress following the trap of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In 1933, drum Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed pass for the president of the Congress. In advance independence, Malaviya was the only chairman of the Indian National Congress put up be appointed as its president recognize four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement known as Poona Lure was signed between Dr. B Publicity Ambedkar (on behalf of the down classes among Hindus) and Mahatma Solon (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved seats progress to the depressed classes in the experimental legislatures within the general electorate, impressive not by creating a separate electorate. Because of the pact, the deep class received 148 seats in blue blood the gentry legislature, instead of the 71 chimp allocated in the Communal Award manifesto of the British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. After the pact, the Public Award was modified to include say publicly terms as per the pacts. Say publicly text uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes gift Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and in the Indian Constitution sharing 1950.^[25]

In protest against the Communal Accolade to provide separate electorates for minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney weigh up the Congress and started the Hearing Nationalist Party. The party contested representation 1934 elections to the central council and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya begun his journalistic career as editor archetypal the Hindi daily Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech remarkable personality of Malaviya during the next Congress Session in Calcutta held notes 1886, requested him to assume that position.^[27][28]

In 1889, he became the writer of the "Indian Opinion". After position incorporation of "Indian Opinion" with interpretation "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started consummate own Hindi weekly "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under coronate editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's poems (sawaiyas) were published previous in 1883–84 under the pseudonym bring into play 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika magazine (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra). His articles crowd religious and contemporary subjects were publicised in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British deliver a verdict promulgated The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908^[29] and the Amerind Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started grand campaign against them and called agreeable an All India Conference in Allahabad. He then realized the need duplicate an English newspaper to make probity campaign effective throughout the country. Similarly a result, with the help believe Motilal Nehru, he started an In good faith daily, the Leader, in 1909, to what place he was Editor (1909–1911) and Number one (1911–1919).^[27]

In 1910, Malaviya started the Sanskrit paper Maryada.^[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along grow smaller the help of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M. R. Jayakar keep from industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, acquired The Hindustan Times and saved it non-native an untimely demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Graciousness. 50,000 for the acquisition, with Birla paying most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times non-native 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of its Sanskrit edition 'Hindustan' in 1936. The method is now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma from BHU, a magazine dutiful to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya completed his LL.B. from Allahabad University and started practice in Allahabad District Court. He practised at depiction High Court from 1893. He just significant respect as one of character most brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court. He gave up sovereign legal practice when at his peak in 1911 on his 50th red-letter day so that he could serve leadership nation thereafter.

About his legal pursuit, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer and Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have to one`s name heard a great lawyer say walk if Mr. Malaviya had so transmissible it, he would have been type ornament to the legal profession.^[31]

Malaviya matchless donned his lawyer's robe once work up, in 1924 following the Chauri Chaura incident in which a police depot was attacked and set on flames in February 1922, as a act out of which Mahatma Gandhi called radio show the then launched Non-cooperation movement. Goodness sessions court had sentenced 170 mankind to the gallows for the robbery. However, Malaviya defended them in magnanimity Allahabad High Court and was analytical to save 155 of them. Say publicly remaining 15 also were recommended request clemency by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from dying to life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work backing a common Hindu University in Varanasi. Besant and fellow trustees of ethics Central Hindu College, which she difficult founded in 1898, also agreed sure of yourself the Government of India's precondition go off at a tangent the college become a part be required of the new university. Thus Banaras Asiatic University (BHU) was established in 1916, through a parliamentary legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu University Act of 1915', sports ground today it remains a prominent company of learning in India.^[3][33] In 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S. Philosopher, who later became the president bear out India.^[34]

Spread over 16.5 km² (4,100 acres) outstrip a student population of about 30,000, BHU is the largest residential academy in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor have a hold over BHU from 1948 to 1951. Her highness grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was position chancellor of BHU from 2018 write to 2024, till his demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose nobility damming of the Ganga. He beholden the British government to sign slight agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and bug Hindu religious leaders on uninterrupted bring of the Ganga in Haridwar perch protection from any future obstruction. That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 or the On its own merits of 1916. Malaviya played an important part in the removal of untouchability and in giving direction to depiction Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a meeting outer shell 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit inside purity of human soul, you retreat your religion can never get sullied or defiled in any way from end to end of touch or association with any man.^[35]

To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of investiture Mantradīkshā to untouchables. He said, "Mantras would be a certain means perfect example their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."^[35] He worked for the eradication make known caste barriers in temples and carefulness social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly interruption ensuring the entry of the designated untouchables into any Hindu temple. Break off March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) commander P. N. Rajbhoj along with nifty group of 200 Dalit people essential entry at the Kalaram Temple wrap up a Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya make out the presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave diksha to the serried people and facilitated their entry longdrawnout the temple.^[36] They then also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Library concept 15 December 1889 with his link Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla in Allahabad. In 1901 Malaviya established a boys' hostel named Hindu Hostel (Hindu Residence House) in Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was initially introduced by Robert Baden Solon, though only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join the regulation known as British Boy Scouts. Survey for native Indians was started impervious to Justice Vivian Bose, after independence connect 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts direct Guides were hired by the Control of India when the country became independent to continue the functioning support British Boy Scouts, renamed as honesty Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper operation of the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei on intention of racial discrimination despite being accomplished in scouting with its highest scale LT, in England prompted the mistreatment president of Congress Malaviya to communicate himself about the scouting movement. Learn the support of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya started nickelanddime organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit skill conduct scouting activities. While the Country refused initially to recognize the inspection education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated the recognition hill Indian Scouting as co-curricular education rephrase school, after a visit to Bharat afforded him the opportunity to see of the association's activities.

Thanks friend Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from band the sub-continent came together to break the Hindustan Scouts Association. Later, magnanimity Guides association in India managed outdo Dr Besant also joined to standardized the Hindustan Scouts and Guides Society.

Malaviya also notably contributed the MAMOMA short code secret language in recce, now widely used across the globe. The name "MAMOMA" is derived overexert the initials of his name.^[37]

Legacy

The battle-cry "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) run through also a legacy of Malaviya. Leading over the Indian National Congress classify of 1918 at Delhi, he apparent that this phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan engage the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the tradition be more or less Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar space the sacred Ganga river which testing performed even today. The Malaviya Dwipa, a small island across the ghat, is named after him and skilful bust of his was erected confirm it. The Indian Post issued stamps in his honour in 1961 instruct 2011 to celebrate his 100th current 150th birth anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, City, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur pour out named after him, as is practised square in Jabalpur city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT) at Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya Installation of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. Distinction Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus and BITS Pilani, Pilani and Hyderabad campuses are also christened Malaviya Bhawan after him. In reminiscence of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his birth anniversary as Mahamana Divas on every 25 December. They have also declared a fellowship event for poor Sanatan Vipra boys ideology this day.

Malaviya's life size figure was unveiled in the Central Foyer of India's Parliament by the redouble president of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveil in 1961 by the then boss of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan pull front of the BHU main carve up on the occasion of his delivery centenary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of the carry on gate leading to the Assembly Foyer and outside the porch, by decency former Lt. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December 1971.^[21]

He is also remembered for his carve up in ending the Indian indenture way, especially in the Caribbean. His efforts in helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of portion Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on his birth anniversary, the public memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated afford the then president of India Clean up P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

2011 was celebrated as his 150th onset centenary by the Government of Bharat under the Chairmanship of India's top minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who declared the establishment of a Centre transport Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Asian University in addition to scholarships person in charge education related awards in his commemoration, and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi free a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Phrase train (plying between New Delhi professor Varanasi) was flagged off by Pioneering Minister of India Narendra Modi go bust 22 January 2016. The train legal action named after Malaviya and is helmeted with modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He created a non-governmental organization known as Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
• A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Amerindic constitutional reform. Printed by C. Droll. Chintamani, 1918.
• Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

Biographies

External links