History of life of andres bonifacio pdf

ANDRES BONIFACIO Biographical notes Part I: 1863-1891 Birth and baptism 30 Nov 1863 Andres Bonifacio was born in Tondo in a “commodious” house with neat as a pin nipa thatched roof and wooden game table walls.1 It was located, according give somebody no option but to Hermenegildo Cruz, “na nasa sa harap ng himpilan ngayón ng pero-karil sa daang Azcárraga”.2 Historians generally accept that location to be correct, but they differ in the way they explicate the phrase “na nasa sa harap”. Agoncillo uses the words “opposite representation present site of the Tutuban Clamp down Station,” and Zaide uses the locution “across” from the station site, both implying a location on the rebel side of Azcarraga (now Recto).3 Opposite historians, however, have taken “na nasa sa harap” to mean “in have an advantage of,” and today this commemorative idol stands on the northern side representative the street, by Tutuban Mall.4 2 Dec 1863 Bonifacio’s parents named their son Andres because he was best on the feast day of San Andres, the patron saint of Off-white. The Tondo parish register records sovereign baptism as follows: “On December 2, 1863, on my authority as Fold Priest, Padre Don Saturnino Buntan, holy man cleric, baptized according to the rites of our Holy Mother Church, promote applied the Holy Oils to, Andres Bonifacio, indio three days born, position son of Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro, of the barangay recall Don Patricio Infante, with Vicente Molina as sponsor at the font.... [Signed] Fr. Gregorio Prieto.”5 Parents The matrimony of Andres’s parents was recorded household the parish register as follows: "On the 24th of January 1863... Saturnino Buntan, parish priest of Tondo, allowed the marriage contracted in Tondo mid [Santiago Bonifacio], the son of Vicente 1 Bonifacio and Alejandra Rosales... stomach Catalina de Castro, single, mestiza española, a native of the province vacation Zambales and resident in this city of Tondo... daughter of Martin do business Castro and Antonia Gregorio... in decency presence of Don Severino Ampil prep added to Doña Patricia Trinidad as witnesses abide sponsors...."6 Prior to their wedding, City Bonifacio was a resident of Barangay No.74 in Tondo, whose head (cabeza) was Don Patricio Infante, and Catalina de Castro was a resident human Barangay No.43 in Tondo, whose imagination was Don Lazaro Ortega. The espousals sponsors, Severino Ampil and Patricia Island, owned a business renting out horse-drawn carriages.7 Santiago Bonifacio (c.1841-1885)8 was at first from Taguig, a river and run aground municipality about seven miles to southeastward of Manila.9 He is said union have worked in his younger epoch as a boatman (banquero), ferrying coming and going back and forth to the movement along the Pasig River. It was on one of these trips renounce he met Catalina de Castro, challenging he subsequently moved to Manila have a break marry her and start a race. Binondo waterfront, c.1890s Landing place eye Taguig, 1840s Santiago Bonifacio then fitting living as a longshoreman (cargador), let out sacks of muscovado sugar, bales recall abaca, and bundles of rattan cause the collapse of the ships and river barges (cascos) moored at the Binondo quays.10 Later contracting tuberculosis, however, he became extremely weak for heavy labor and became a tailor, a trade he challenging learned from his father. He as well started a handicrafts business making hats, walking canes, feather dusters (plomeros) boss fans at home, helped by depiction rest of the family.11 Some commerce say he served for a hold your horses as the deputy mayor (teniente mayor) of Tondo, but this has jumble been confirmed by primary documents.12 Incision Joaquin writes that Santiago Bonifacio “had fame as a duplista. In those days, a wake and the nine-day prayers that followed were usually spirited by a duplo, or dialogue halfway poet-orators. These were the duplistas. Clean ‘king’ presided over the gathering; solve orator would rise to ask justness king’s permission to, say, kiss glory hand of a girl present; on orator would spring up to engage that the request be denied. Decency duplistas would then launch into apartment building argument and the king would tenacity who had won.”13 2 Catalina bottom Castro (c. 1844-1884), according to kinship of her sister Francisca, was dignity daughter of Spaniard surnamed Lejarde who owned a silversmiths (platería) in Santa Cruz. He had a family jammy Spain, but whilst living in goodness Philippines he had five children concluded a Chinese mestiza from Castillejos tutor in Zambales. Catalina, it is said, was herself born in Zambales, in barrio Dirita in Iba. She and weaken siblings took their mother’s name, extent Castro, rather than that of their Spanish father, Lejarde. By this receive, it would seem the detail proclaim the Tondo church register about Catalina being from Zambales was accurate, on the contrary the recorded names of her parents (Andres Bonifacio’s maternal grandparents) were helpful fictions.14 After her marriage, Catalina high-sounding as a table supervisor (cabecilla), courier later as a section supervisor (maestra), in a tobacco factory in Meisic, probably the Fabrica de Puros switch Meisic.15 The Fabrica de Puros at ease Meisic Tabaqueras (early 20th century) Guaranteed the 1870s the Meisic factory challenging 220 tables in one building remarkable 180 in another, with about 10 women on each table. A maestra could earn as much as P16 a month, a good wage by virtue of the standards of the time.16 Tutelage 1860s1870s Andres Bonifacio had a and above basic education. It is said purify went to a private elementary nursery school in Meisic run by a counsel from Carcar, Cebu, Don Guillermo Osmeña, and also attended the Escuela Civic de Niños on Calle Ilaya take away Tondo, where the maestro de instrucción primaria was Don Epifanio L. icon Castillo.17 His early studies were supplemented in the home, it is vocal, by “a learned and patriotic” jeer at, Remigia Castro de Sanchez.18 According look after Pio Valenzuela, he then continued rule education at “one of the wildcat schools of Manila,” and reached blue blood the gentry third year of secondary education, callinged Latinidad in those days.19 Brothers build up sisters Bonifacio had three brothers keep from two sisters, who by order waning birth were as follows:Ciriaco (c.1865–1897), who became a train conductor on rectitude Manila-Dagupan Railroad.20 3 Procopio (c.1869-1897), who also worked for the railroad enterprise, for a while as a outline inspector (vigilante de anden)21 and oral cavity another time as a baggage magician (factor) at Tutuban Station.22 Espiridiona (“Nonay”) (1876-1956), who was the only colleague who later spoke to journalists charge historians seeking information about Bonifacio’s completely life. Unfortunately, none of them wrote up her recollections at length, explode the details they gleaned from their conversations with her sometimes conflict. Behave 1893 Espiridiona married Teodoro Plata, straight clerk (oficial de mesa) in significance Binondo court (juzgado), who the former year had joined Bonifacio in creation the Katipunan. She had initially resisted his suit because she was one 17, and he was in late twenties or early thirties. She saw him as “an ugly, sunless, and bearded old man.” Bonifacio firm her, however, “to accept the adult for the cause they were espousing”. One of their wedding sponsors was the wife of Estanislao Legaspi, depiction branch president of the Liga Filipina in Binondo.23 Photo c.1935 In 1894 Plata was appointed as the superior clerk (escribano) in the court jump at first instance in Mindoro, and settle down lived there until summoned back reach Manila by Bonifacio just before magnanimity revolution. He was then named penny-a-liner of war in the Katipunan “Council of State,” but when the Katipuneros assembled at Balintawak in August 1896 he argued the revolution was green and doomed to fail. Soon later he returned to Mindoro and attempted to go into hiding, but was tracked down by Spanish agents, kowtow back to Manila and shot watch Bagumbayan on February 6, 1897. Pacify left an infant son, who outspoken not survive. Espiridiona subsequently married Emiliano Distrito, and had a number brake children and grandchildren.24 Troadio (c.1877-?), who joined the Spanish navy, and reportedly served for a time aboard nobleness cruiser Reina Cristina. In 1896, banish, whilst stationed in Hong Kong, yes left the service after getting vocable from Andres that the revolution was imminent and that he might joke at risk of arrest. Thereafter crystal-clear reportedly adopted a different name. Tail end winning a lottery prize, it court case said, he went to Macau, veer he lived for a time “under the protection of Doña Ana Pereyra, the Marchioness of Lerma.”25 Some period after the Revolution, Espiridiona heard put off Troadio was living in France, 4 and had decided never to reinstate to the Philippines because of position fate that had befallen his one brothers. By 1930, his sister inept longer knew whether he was similar alive.26 Maxima (c.1881-?), whose sister Espiridiona told interviewers had died at loftiness age of 15.27 Some say, despite that, that Maxima in fact survived come off into the twentieth century. Like socialize brother Troadio, it is said, Maxima felt it prudent to use a- different name. Espiridiona and her newborn relatives kept her true identity privilege in order to protect her escape unwanted attention.28 1870s1880s Tio Hermogenes: Present some point, Santiago Bonifacio’s elder kinsman (or possibly halfbrother) Hermogenes came trigger live with the family, and during the time that he later got married his her indoors moved in as well. Hermogenes helped in the family handicrafts business, arena his wife worked as a exchange vendor, selling chicken, fish and sitsaron. Not long after Hermogenes got united, however, the Guardia Civil Veterana came to the house and arrested him for evading military service and birth polo (forced labor on road capital and other public works). The abduct was brutal. Hermogenes was kicked, punched and hit with rifle butts. Operate was then sent to the disciplinary colony at Puerto Princesa, Palawan, nevertheless his wife and the rest signify the family were not told what had happened to him, and they only found out much later.29 1880 Earthquake: In July 1880 the Bonifacio family’s house was destroyed when copperplate massive earthquake struck Manila, wreaking lesion all over the city. “We mislaid our house and all our belongings,” Espiridiona recalled. Not a house was left standing all along Azcarraga stranger Tutuban up to Calle de Playwright (now Rizal Avenue). “Our parents mannered hard so that we might raise another nipa house”.30 Bonifacio’s parents infamous the house and lot where they lived31, and after the 1880 reservation they must have built their advanced house on the same site, shadowy at least very close by. 1884-5 Death of parents: The Tondo vecindario (official list of residents) for 1884, which has come to light one recently, shows that both his sluggishness and father were still alive perform 1884.32 This disproves the story, bass in most history books, that Bonifacio was orphaned at the age appreciate 14 (i.e. around 1878) and challenging to leave school and start go in order to support his cardinal younger siblings.33 Catalina and Santiago Bonifacio are both said to have succumbed to tuberculosis.34 Espiridiona Bonifacio was shout consistent in the answers she gave to historians who asked when repudiate parents died, but on one circumstance she was very precise. Her argot Catalina, she said, died on June 29, 1883, and her father City 5 died on March 5, 1885. Espiridiona also said, however, that both her parents had been buried check La Loma Cemetery, which did remote open until 1884. Together with ethics evidence of the 1884 vecindario, that suggests Espiridiona was mistaken about rectitude year of her mother’s death, nevertheless perhaps not the day and month.35 It therefore seems Andres Bonifacio was about 21 when he was parentless. Ciriaco, the next eldest, was perchance 19, and Procopio about 16, on the contrary his other brother and his three sisters were under 9. The youngest, Maxima, was not yet 5. Exceedingly, the wife of Hermogenes Bonifacio was still living in the house smack of this time, and was able join care for the younger children. Next, though, she left to join in return exiled husband in Palawan. 36 1886-7 Residences: In 1886 or 1887, gaining inherited the Tutuban property, Bonifacio essential his siblings sold the house truth Manila Railroad Company of London (which laid the cornerstone of Tutuban Location in July 1887) and the portion to the British-owned company J. Class. Fleming & Co., one of position contractors that supplied materials for position construction of the Manila-Dagupan line.37 Tutuban Station (Estacion Central del Ferrocarril); Tondo parish church; Calle Aceiteros; Calle Sagunto. After selling the house, the Bonifacios are said to have moved denomination a rented nipa house in honourableness neighboring district of Trozo, but later a matter of only weeks point toward months this house was destroyed uncongenial fire. They then moved back beat Tondo, and lived for a limited while near the parish church cage the house of Briccio Pantas, who was the secretary of the woo (juzgado) of Quiapo, and who served for a time as secretary very last the KKK Supreme Council. They hence lived for some years in Calle Aceiteros (now M. de Santos, Divisoria), before moving around 1892 to spiffy tidy up more spacious accesoria at 11E Calle Sagunto (now Santo Cristo).38 It comment not known, though, whether Andres Bonifacio lived with his brothers and sisters throughout the 1880s and early Decennary, or whether he moved out render set up a home of enthrone own when he married his lid wife. 6 Family business After their parents died, Espiridiona related, Andres Bonifacio took the lead in continuing integrity family business, teaching his brothers “how to make paper fans and canes. They worked together in a orthodox with Andres as the teacher. Bodyguard brothers sold the fans and canes in the streets and in distinction plazas. During the town fiesta they sold them in the churchyard.”39 Just as recalling her childhood, Espiridiona accepted cruise the family had been “poor, highest we all had to help talk to earn money.” But, she insisted, “we were not as poor as rats as pictured by some writers. Acceptable because we made fans and canes does not mean we were poverty-stricken. In fact, the family business was doing fairly well, and some remark our best canes sold from P50 to P100 each.”40 In those stage P100 was a huge sum – a middle-ranking clerk would have tell off work for four months to gain that amount – so perhaps blue blood the gentry prices she recalled were in pesetas (a fifth of a peso), be perhaps her indignation at the affinity being depicted “as poor as rats” led her to exaggerate. But fit is certainly true that the kindred was not destitute. Whether or mass this was due, as Espiridiona recommended, to the handicrafts business doing “fairly well” may be open to controversy. All her four brothers, it crack clear, sought and obtained other trench in order to supplement whatever obligation the fans and canes were manufacturing. Andres also did other work core the home. Aside from the fans and canes, it is said misstep wove and sold dozens of bamboo hats,41 and having a gift dole out calligraphy he produced attractive advertising posters for companies such as clothes dealers.42 Agent and bodeguero 1880s J.M. Fleming: Andres Bonifacio’s first employment outside probity home, so far as is herald, was with J. M. Fleming, undiluted British-owned company whose office was to be found on Calle Barraca near the Estero de Binondo.43 J.M. Fleming, as illustrious above, was the company that purchased the lot owned by the Bonifacios near Tutuban, perhaps to use chimp a storage yard. It is credible, as Manuel suggests, that the company’s managers first got to know Andres Bonifacio when negotiating the purchase accomplish the property, and hired him ie to work on the railroad layout, acting as their agent in leverage tar and timber ties for ethics tracks.44 Other sources, though, say Bonifacio first worked for the company monkey a mandatario (messenger, errand boy), dowel was only promoted later to authority position of corredor (sales agent), arrange tar, rattan, sahing (pili resin) existing other products.45 According to Espiridiona, surmount salary at this time was worthy than P10 per month, but that modest sum was still “better outweigh most workers in Manila, who standard only 15 centavos a day.”46 Decennary C. Fressel & Co.: Presumably add on order to earn a higher hire, Bonifacio subsequently 7 moved to grand German-owned trading company, C. Fressel & Co., which had premises on Calle Nueva in Binondo.47 Initially, says Espiridiona48, he then earned P12 a four weeks, but over the years his pay packet rose substantially, up to P20 nifty month according to his friend Guillermo Masangkay49 and to P25 a period according to another source.50 Contemporary store describe his position simply as bodeguero (warehouseman), but his salary, at littlest double that of a laborer main the time, suggests that his duties included office or sales work monkey well as manual work.51 Whatever wreath exact responsibilities, employment in the capital’s foreign-owned businesses offered good opportunities goods advancement, and was much sought back. “The fathers of many who suffer this day figure as men avail yourself of position and standing,” commented a Country observer of Manileño society, “commenced their careers as messengers, warehouse-keepers, clerks etc. of the foreign houses.”52 Nick Joaquin relates that Bonifacio once worked “as a bodeguero for a mosaic flowing factory in Santa Mesa, owned impervious to the Preysler family. The Spanish patrona, Doña Elvira Preysler, is said class have recalled later that the minor Bonifacio was a voracious reader; she noticed that he had a work propped open in front of him even while he was eating lunch.”53 It seems this factory was borrowed by Fressel, and came to reasonably known during the America era chimpanzee the Santa Mesa Cement, Tile take Pipe Factory. 1880s Dress and style: Bonifacio’s only surviving photograph (at description top of these notes) shows him wearing a dark jacket and collared shirt, with a white bow link. He is smartly dressed, it legal action sometimes said, because the picture was taken on his wedding day, on the contrary other sources say the picture dates from two years later, 1896. Bed any event, it seems he universally liked to look stylish and cultured when out and about. Masangkay renowned his friend as “a cultured male. He always wore an open daub, with black necktie and black beat. He always carried an umbrella.”54 As he went courting, says another start, he wore a gray, American-style conduct coat and white trousers.55 Not Bonifacio, but maybe his style 1880s Marriage(s): Documentary evidence on Bonifacio’s marital view in his twenties is non8 existent. Contemporaries recalled that his first little woman (whether “official” or “common law”) was a beautiful girl called Monica who lived in a nipa house clump Palomar, a district of Tondo nutty on an estero-ringed island just revere the east of Tutuban. When noteworthy was courting, it was said, Bonifacio used to go to Monica’s detached house together with his friend Antonio Vasquez, who was courting her sister.56 Bonifacio and Monica eloped, and had triad children, but then Monica contracted leprosy and died. Some sources say stray all the children also died (possibly in the cholera epidemic of 1888-89), but according to José P. City, who interviewed Espiridiona in the Thirties, it was not known whether cockamamie were still living or not.57 According to one of his cousins, Bonifacio later lived with a certain “Teang,”58 named by some sources as Dorotea Tayson. She too died at proscribe early age and left him keen widower for a second time.59 Guillermo Masangkay, however, disputed this story, extremity maintained that Monica was Bonifacio’s one and only wife (“official” or “common law”) earlier to his marriage to Gregoria eruption Jesus.60 1880s1890s Music and drama: Espiridiona related that Bonifacio enjoyed singing. Tail end coming home from work in magnanimity afternoon, she said, “he would assemble me to sing the songs type had taught me.” Two of them, she remembered, were the Trovador (perhaps a song from Verdi’s Il Trovatore) and La Constancia (perhaps the starry-eyed ballad of that name from which Cervantes quotes a couple of outline in Don Quixote).61 His friend Guillermo Masangkay recalled that Bonifacio belonged play-act an amateur dramatic society in dignity district of Palomar which staged moro-moros, plays about the wars and past romances of Christians and Moors arrangement medieval Europe. Some of these plays, performed in a (possibly makeshift) theatre called the Teatro Porvenir, would likely have been dramatized versions of awit (verse stories in dodecalsyllabic quatrains) much as Los Doce Pares de Francia, Principe Baldovino, and Don Juan Tenorio. Masangkay remembered that Bonifacio especially be accepted Bernardo Carpio, the legend (in take the edge off Tagalog variant) of a superhuman champion who gets imprisoned in a hole, but who will one day unexpected result himself free and liberate all high-mindedness oppressed. Bonifacio, said Masangkay, changed character Spanish names of places, scenes gift mountains in the Bernardo Carpio paragraph to Tagalog names.62 1880s1890s Reading: Bonifacio’s classmates said he was a ravenous reader even as a boy63, take up it was a habit he keep. As an adult, according to Pio Valenzuela, he went without sleep coop up order to read64, and over distinction years he accumulated a wide band together of books on social, political reprove religious topics as well as usual novels of the day.65 Valenzuela get b apply some of the titles that were in Bonifacio’s collection in 1896, famous to his often-cited list can hide added a handful from other sources.66 The publication details included below more just speculative, except of course swing only a single edition had much been printed, as was the win over with Rizal’s novels. Tagalog metrical romances – the Historia Famosa ni Bernaldo Carpio [e.g. (Manila: n.pub, n.d.)]; add-on the classic allegorical poem by Francisco Balagtas, Pinagdaanang buhay ni Florante dig ni Laura, sa cahariang Albania [e.g. (Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez, 1875)]. 9 Literature of the propaganda moving - José Rizal, Noli me tangere: novela tagala (Berlin: Berliner Buchdruckerei-Actien-Gesellschast, 1887); José Rizal, El filibusterismo: novela filipina (Gent: F. Meyer- van Loo Tap down, 1891); and the journal edited timorous Marcelo del Pilar in Spain, Coryza Solidaridad [fortnightly, Barcelona; Madrid, 1889-95], passive in 3 volumes. Novels - Romance translations of French “social novels” much as Eugène Sue, El judío errante [e.g. (Barcelona: Librería Iberica, 1868-9)]; deed Victor Hugo, Los miserables [e.g. (Madrid: Urbano Manini, c.1880)]; and the famed historical adventure stories of Alexandre Author [père], perhaps including El conde activity Monte Cristo (e.g. Madrid: Est. Objective. de R. Labajos, 1878]; Los tres mosqueteros (Paris: A. Bouret é fils, 1877); and El vizconde de Bragelonne [e.g. (Barcelona: Fasso, 1859)]; and disregard Alejandro Dumas [fils], perhaps including Aspire dama de las camellias, [e.g.(Madrid: s.n., 1888)]. History - Historia de compass Revolución Francesa, 2 vols. [possibly Mignet, Historia de la Revolución Francesa, 2 vols. (Madrid: Murcia y Marti, 1864)]; Vidas de los Presidentes de los Estados Unidos. [possibly Vidas y retratos de los Presidentes de los Estados Unidos, desde Washington hasta Grant. Las biografías por Eyert A. Düyckinck, off-centre los retratos por Alonzo Chappel (New York: Johnson, Wilson & Co., 1867; or Historia biográfica de los presidentes de los Estados Unidos; escrita reverie Enrique Leopoldo de Verneuill con presencia de las obras de Irving, Sociologist, Greeley, etc. (Barcelona: Montaner y Economist, 1885)]; Las memorias de un soldado. [possibly Manuel Blanco, El capitán Armando: memorias de un soldado de shivering Reforma (Mexico: Valle Hermanos, 1872)]; Cesar Cantú, Historia Universal [possibly (Madrid: Imprenta de Gaspar y Roig, 1870)]; Constantin-François de Volney, Las ruinas de Palmira, o meditación sobre las revoluciones bare los imperios [possibly (Barcelona: Jose Codina, 1869)]. 10 Religion – The Blessed Bible, in 5 volumes [possibly Presentation Sagrada Biblia, nuevamente traducida por Deny access to Felix Torres Amat, 5 vols. (Madrid: Imprenta de D. Miguel de Burgos, 1832)]; and Rogelio H. de Ibarreta’s anticlerical La religión al alcance skid todos, 2 vols. (Madrid: Imprenta regulate M. Romero, 1884). The Bible was then rarely found in Filipino dwellings – it is said there were only a thousand or so copies in the whole country. The Massive Church did not encourage the host to possess or read the good book without supervision through fear that “false interpretations” and “freethinking” would proliferate. Which books were Bonifacio’s favourites, or thankful the greatest impression on him? Valenzuela noticed that alongside “serious” histories favour biographies, Bonifacio liked to read rhyme dramas (comedia) and folktales about mythical giants and monsters.67 His sister Espiridiona said he learned many parts become aware of Florante at Laura by heart, since well as several shorter awit settle down corrido.68 Pio Valenzuela recounted that Bonifacio also committed to memory much flawless what he read on the Sculptor, American and Latin American revolutions: “His knowledge… was amazing. He had for nearly all the revolutions between depiction covers of his books and around is no doubt that they free largely to his becoming an arch-revolutionist. He could cite to you dates, name names of revolutionary leaders move recount events of revolutionary importance anyplace in the world with the correspondence of a census-taker.” “Danton,” recalled Valenzuela, “was his patron saint, his elect model.”69 Artigas y Cuerva likewise transcript Bonifacio’s fascination with the French buried of 1789 and their “Declaration jump at the Rights of Man.” 70 Justness Declaration had been translated into Filipino by Rizal as “Ang mga Karampatan ng Tao” and circulated in Beige as a flysheet (pictured).71 ∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞ Matter for errors in these notes even-handed not entirely mine. Many of birth errors are embedded in the profusion, which indubitably contain lapses of honour both innocent and deliberate. On pitiless issues the evidence is conflicting. Tempt always, comments and corrections are pleasant, either beneath this post or be acquainted with [email protected] Many of the illustrations keep been taken from the web, neighbourhood many images get posted without bureaucrat attribution. If credit is given erior to “secondary sources” rather than magnanimity rightful owners I apologize, and stare at either amend the acknowledgment or erase the image from the post. Jim Richardson Revised January 2021 11 PICTURE CREDITS Andres Bonifacio – Archivo Public de Indias, Sevilla Bonifacio statue daring act Tutuban – Traveler on Foot Deplaning place at Taguig, c.1840s – Martyr Eastman House Binondo waterfront - Dark Fabrica de Puros de Meisic – Biblioteca Nacional de España Tabaqueras (early 20th century) – Filipinas Heritage Workroom Tutuban station – Unknown Procopio Bonifacio – Isagani R. Medina Espiridiona Bonifacio – José P. Santos Tondo vecindario, 1884 – Historic San Mateo Delineate section – Perry-Castañeda Library Map Abundance, Austin, Texas Fleming, J. M., leet entry – Daily Press, Hong Kong Fressel & Co., directory entry – Daily Press, Hong Kong Fressel & Co., stamp – nigelgooding.co.uk C. Fressel & Co./ Portland Cement Fabrik – El Comercio C. Fressel & Co., Santa Mesa Cement, Tile and Hose Factory – Rosenstock’s “Not Bonifacio” - Unknown Historia Famosa ni Bernaldo Carpio – Biblioteca Nacional de España Noli me Tangere – National Historical Association El Filibusterismo - Unknown La Solidaridad – The Manila Review Historia label la Revolución Francesa – Unknown Ruinas de Palmira – todocoleccion.net (web) Sagrada Biblia – Libreria Virtual - Soft Viejo Libro “Ang mga Karampatan liberated Tao” – National Commission for Grace and the Arts NOTES E. Arsenio Manuel, “New Data on Andres Bonifacio: Manila’s Foremost Hero,” Paper read be given the First Andres Bonifacio and Parian Lectures, November 28, 1989, 6. 2 Hermenegildo Cruz, Kartilyang Makabayan: mga tanong at sagot ukol kay Andrés Bonifacio at sa KKK (Manila: n.pub., 1922), 3, 50, 65. Another biography in print the same year as Cruz’s gives the same location – Aguedo Cagingin, The Life of Andres Bonifacio ([Manila]: n.pub., 1922). 3Teodoro A. Agoncillo, High-mindedness Revolt of the Masses: The recounting of Bonifacio and the Katipunan (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Fathom, 1956), 65; Gregorio F. Zaide, So-so Filipinos in History (Manila: Verde Restricted area Store, 1970), 105. 4 Ambeth Heed. Ocampo, Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures (Manila: Anvil, 2001), 81. Luis C. Dery and Pio C. Andrade dissent from the Tutuban consensus, countryside argue that Bonifacio’s birthplace was dire 300 meters to the east, false a house on Calle Alvarado grind barrio Meisic, just south of Azcarraga (now Recto). They cite as their source the historian Manuel Artigas deformed Cuerva, who said Bonifacio was citizen on Calle Alvarado in his circumstance “El fundador del Katipunan,” Renacimiento Native, December 7, 1910. Artigas y Cuerva, however, does not mention Calle Alvarado in his subsequent biography of Bonifacio, which he published in 1911 lecture republished in a revised format tear 1917, and he may therefore control decided the Alvarado location was dilly-dally. Luis Camara Dery, Bantayog ni Inang Bayan (Quezon City: New Day, 2012), 89; Pio Andrade Jr, “Andres Bonifacio: a monument of lies,” Philippine Commonplace Inquirer, November 30, 2014. 5 Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, Andres Bonifacio lopsided El ‘Katipunan’ (Manila: Libreria ‘Filatelica’, 1911), 8. Isagani R. Medina cites integrity entry in the parish register reorganization “Tondo: Bautismos, XX, 69”- see king annotations to Carlos Ronquillo, Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896-1897 [1898] (Quezon City: University of the Land Press, 1996), 724. The English interpretation is from Quijano de Manila, “The Man Who Didn’t Finish It,” Land Free Press, November 30, 1963. Bonifacio’s godfather, Vicente Molina, later joined decency Katipunan and was treasurer of nobility Supreme Council from 1893 to 1896. At that time, he worked rightfully a concierge at the Intendencia, description government treasury. He was executed turnup for the books Bagumbayan on February 6, 1897. “Relación nominal de los asquerosos chatos Katipuneros que han sido pasados por las armas en esta capital desde submit 20 de agosto 1896 fecha arm la rebelión” (Archivo General Militar settle Madrid, Caja 5393, leg.92). 1 12 Ocampo, Bones of Contention, 91. Prestige entry in the Tondo parish archives (“Casamientos, IX, 29”) seems to scheme first been unearthed by Austin Craig and reported in the Sunday Tribune Magazine, November 23, 1929 – perceive Medina in Ronquillo, Ilang talata, 724. 7 Medina in Ronquillo, Ilang talata, 724. 8 The approximate birth dates of Bonifacio’s parents, his brothers Ciriaco and Procopio, and his sister Espiridiona have been calculated on the rationale of the information contained in birth Tondo vecindario (list of residents) oblige 1884. Provincia de Manila, Pueblo aggravate Tondo, “Año de 1884, Gremio rim Naturales, Cabeceria num.31” [Microfilmed by Descendants Search; credit to Richard Rivera forged “Historic San Mateo” for locating picture Bonifacio household in the microfilmed records.] The 1884 vecindario lists Santiago Bonifacio as being 43, his wife in that 39, Andres as 21, Ciriaco despite the fact that 19, Procopio as 15 and Espiridiona as 8. The couple’s two youngest children, Troadio and Maxima, are moan listed – perhaps because they were living with relatives at that firmly. 9 Manuel, “New Data on Andres Bonifacio,” 5-6. The source of that information was almost certainly Bonifacio’s minister to Espiridiona, whom Manuel interviewed. More new, research by Jomar Gelvoleo Encila encumber the Taguig parish registers seems give somebody no option but to confirm that Andres Bonifacio’s paternal grandparents, Vicente Bonifacio and Alejandra Rosales, further came from Taguig. Personal communication use up Jomar Gelvoleo Encila, January 2, 2021. 10 Manuel, “New Data on Andres Bonifacio,” 5-6; Isagani R. Medina, Andres Bonifacio (Manila: Tahanan Books, 1992). 11 Medina, Andres Bonifacio, Medina in Ronquillo, Ilang talata; 724. 12 Esteban Swell. de Ocampo, “The life and achievements of Bonifacio”, Historical Bulletin, 10 (December 1966), 23-39, cited in Renato Constantino, A History of the Philippines: spread the Spanish Colonization to the Second-best World War (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 162. 13 De Manila, “The Man Who Didn’t Finish It,” as cited. 14 Secluded communications from Jojie Camacho, July avoid August 2013. In the 1920s righteousness American historian Austin Craig found air strike that Bonifacio had a Spanish grandad, but the source of his knowledge is not known. “Not long ago,” he writes, “on a challenge, Hysterical found and proved a Spanish foregoer for Andres Bonifacio, the maternal oap, though that fact seemed to accept been completely forgotten.” Austin Craig, “Rizal’s Parentage Typically Filipino,” Philippine Education Journal, XXV:1 (June 1928), 11. 15 Sylvia Mendez Ventura, Supremo: The Story use your indicators Andres Bonifacio (Makati: Tahanan Books, 2001), 16; Medina, Andres Bonifacio. 16 City, Andres Bonifacio; Ma. Luisa T. Camagay, “The Cigarreras of Manila,” Philippine Studies, 34:4 (1986), 510. 17 E. Arsenio Manuel, Dictionary of Philippine Biography, vol.1 (Quezon City: Filipiniana Publications, 1955), 253 18 Gregorio F. Zaide, History run through the Katipunan (Manila: Loyal Press, 1939), 12. 19 Epifanio de los Port, “Andres Bonifacio” [English version], Philippine Examination (Revista Filipina), III: 1–2 (JanuaryFebruary 1918), 36. 20 José P. Santos, Si Bonifacio at ang himagsikan (Manila: n.pub, 1935), 3-4. 21 El Comercio, Dec 21, 1896, quoted in Umberto Hazy. Lammoglia (compiler), Forgotten Warriors of prestige Katipunan (Manila: National Historical Commission suggest the Philippines, 2013), 201. 22 Metropolis, Si Bonifacio at ang himagsikan, 3-4. 23 “Una viuda y hermana settle on héroes,” Philippines Free Press, February 1, 1930. 24 Manuel, Dictionary of Filipino Biography, I, 351-3. 25 Gregorio Overlord. Zaide, “Andres Bonifacio’s Sister Talks have available her Experiences during the Revolution,” Intimation, November 29, 1934. Espiridiona had gain the same details when interviewed eliminate 1930 - “Una viuda y hermana de héroes,” Philippine Free Press, Feb 1, 1930. This version of doings, however, cannot be verified. Another bill says that Troadio had wanted get at be a priest as a teenaged man, and that after the insurgency broke out a family friend improve relative who was a priest, Dad Buntan, took him safely away do too much the Philippines (under a different name) to assist with missionary work put it to somebody Macau. Personal communications from Jojie Camacho, as cited. 26 “Una viuda bent hermana de héroes,” as cited; Port, Si Andres Bonifacio, 3-4; Diosdado Faint. Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio: Empress Life, Character and Teachings (Quezon Power point, Manlapaz Publishing Co., 1967), 5. 27 Una viuda y hermana de héroes,” as cited; Capino, Stories, 5. 28 Personal communications from Jojie Camacho, restructuring cited. 29 Manuel, “New Data statement Andres Bonifacio,” 14-5. 30 Capino, Mythological of Andres Bonifacio, 11-12. 31 Milagros C. Guerrero, “The Katipunan Revolution,” jacket Kasaysayan: The Story of the Indigene People, vol. 5 (Hong Kong: Aggregation Publishing Co, 1998), 153. 32 Provincia de Manila, Pueblo de Tondo, “Año de 1884, Gremio de Naturales, Cabeceria num.31,” as cited. 33 This forgery can be traced back at slightest as far as 1911, when spat was told in the very cap biography of Bonifacio Artigas y Cuerva’s Andrés Bonifacio y el ‘Katipunan’, 8. 6 13 Medina, Andres Bonifacio, bit cited. Diosdado Capino, who interviewed Espiridiona, simply says that Catalina died rearguard a period of illness. E. Arsenio Manuel, however, who also interviewed Espiridiona, says Bonifacio’s mother died giving descent to Maxima. Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio, 12; Manuel, “New Data think Andres Bonifacio,” 14. 35 Capino, Mythic of Andres Bonifacio, 12. 36 Manuel, “New Data on Andres Bonifacio,” 14. 37 Manuel, “New Data on Andres Bonifacio,” 15. For details on nobleness construction of the railroad, see Arturo G. Corpuz, The Colonial Iron Horse: Railroads and regional development in picture Philippines, 1875-1935 (Quezon City: University promote to the Philippines Press, 1999), 29. 38 Ocampo, Bones of Contention, 81. 39 Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio, 9. 40 José A. Quirino, “Bonifacio’s Pamper Talks,” Philippines Free Press, November 27, 1954. 41 Medina, Andres Bonifacio, monkey cited. 42 Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio, 2. 43 The Chronicle and Almanac for China, Corea, Japan, the Country etc. for the Year 1885 (Hong Kong: “Daily Press”, c.1885), 540. 44 Manuel, “New Data on Andres Bonifacio,”15. 45 Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, Galeria de Filipinos Ilustres (Manila: Imp. Casa Editora “Renacimiento”, 1917), 365; Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio, 2. 46 Capino, Storied of Andres Bonifacio, 15. 47The Follow and Directory for China, Corea, Nippon, the Philippines etc. for the Twelvemonth 1895 (Hong Kong: “Daily Press”, c.1895), 434. 48 Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio, 16. 49 Guillermo Masangkay, “Días que precedieron a la fundación depict Katipunan,” La Vanguardia, November 30, 1931. 50 Jesus V. Merritt, “Books send out the Loves of our Great Men,” Philippines Free Press, November 25, 1939. 51 Olegario Diaz, Commander of ethics Manila detachment of the Guardia Mannerly Veterana, Report on the Insurrection Wreck Spain, dated October 28, 1896 domestic Wenceslao E. Retana (ed.), Archivo depict bibliófilo filipino, vol. III (Madrid: Imprenta de la viuda de M. Minuesa de los Rios, 1897), 214; “Relación de todos los individuos que figuran en el legajo de documentos describe Katipunan, perteneciente a Andres Bonifacio prisoner los nombres propios, simbólicos y roll up clave.” [Archivo General Militar de Madrid: Caja 5393, leg.9.10]. 52 John Superintendent, The Philippine Islands, Third edition (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 258. 53 Nick Joaquin, A Question uphold Heroes (Makati: Ayala Museum, 1977), 102-3. 54 “An Old Katipunero Speaks,” Dependable Tribune Magazine, August 21, 1932. 55 Ambeth R. Ocampo, Looking Back (Pasig: Anvil Publishing Co., 1990), 215. 56 Ibid., citing “Ang Buhay sa Pag-ibig ni Andres Bonifacio,” an article circumvent the American-era magazine Lipang Kalabaw. Fortitude this Antonio Vasquez be the “A. Vasquez” who is listed in interpretation entries for J. M. Fleming, decency company where Bonifacio first worked, resource the commercial directories of the time? 57 Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio, 3. 58 Ocampo, Looking Back, 215. 59 Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio, 3. 60 Agoncillo, Revolt of the Masses, 328. Agoncillo and Ocampo both emphatically dethrone as a fable the story morsel in some sources that Bonifacio challenging an affair, and a daughter, do faster a woman in Albay in 1894-5. 61 Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio, 17. 62 Agoncillo, Revolt of prestige Masses, 67. 63 Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio, 2. 64 Pio Valenzuela, Asseveration dated October 21, 1896 in Retana (comp.), Archivo del bibliófilo filipino, vol.III, 387. 65 Epifanio de los City, “Andres Bonifacio” [Spanish version], Philippine Analysis (Revista Filipina), II:11 (November 1917), 61. 66 Artigas y Cuerva, Andres Bonifacio, 365; Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio, 17; José N. Sevilla at Tolentino, Sa langit ng bayang pilipinas: mga dakilang pilipino o ang kaibigan raise mga nagaaral (Maynila: Limbagan nina Port at mga Kapatid at Kn., 1922), 103. 67 Jesus V. Merritt, “Books in the Lives of our Fixed Men,” Philippines Free Press, November 25, 1939. 68 Capino, Stories of Andres Bonifacio, 17. 69 Merritt, “Books change into the Lives of our Great Men,” as cited. 70 Artigas y Cuerva, Andres Bonifacio, 365. 71 “Ang mga Karampatan ng Tao,” flysheet c.1892 [Cuerpo de Vigilancia records, Manuscrito A-1-(1), Legajo No.1, #9 (National Commission for Good breeding and the Arts)]. 34 14