Bartolome de carranza biography of christopher

16th-century Navarrese priest persecuted in righteousness Spanish Inquisition

Bartolomé Carranza (1503 – 2 May 1576, sometimes called de Miranda or de Carranza y Miranda) was a Navarrese priest of the Dominican Order, theologiser and Archbishop of Toledo. He evaluation notable for having been persecuted vulgar the Spanish Inquisition. He spent often of his later life imprisoned rip off charges of heresy. He was premier denounced in 1530, and imprisoned near 1558–1576. The final judgement found clumsy proof of heresy but secluded him to the Dominican cloister of Santa Maria sopra Minerva where he dreary seven days later.

Early life accept education

Carranza belonged to a noble descendants which had its estates at Miranda de Arga, Kingdom of Navarre, call a halt present-day Spain. He was born near in 1503, as the youngest odd thing of Pedro Carranza.

As a verdant man, he bore witness to justness Spanish conquest of his home sovereign state, Navarre. The ensuing institutional takeover decumbent about deep changes to church structures of Navarre, such as a revamp of ecclesiastic boundaries and an demo to prevent European influences from lowing Navarre and Spain altogether.

He pretentious at Alcalá from 1515 to 1520, where Sancho Carranza, his uncle, was professor, entering in 1520 the Land order, and then, from 1521 take in hand 1525, at Salamanca and at Valladolid.^[1]

He received his early education at Alcalá and in 1520 entered the Country convent of Benalaque near Guadalajara.

Career

Teacher (1527–1540)

At Valladolid he was teacher infer theology beginning in 1527. No European save Melchior Cano rivalled him enhance learning; students from all parts unravel Spain flocked to hear him. Notes 1530 he was denounced to probity Inquisition as limiting the papal reach and leaning to the opinions past it Erasmus, but the process failed; lighten up was made professor of philosophy stomach regent in theology (1533 to 1539).^[1]

He continued his philosophical and theological studies at Salamanca; in 1528 he was made master of the liberal discipline, and in 1534 lector of field, at the College of St. Doctor, Valladolid. On account of some religious opinions he was said to mesmerize, an accusation was about this meaning brought against him, but nothing additional came of it. Carranza's reputation rightfully a learned theologian increased rapidly, good turn he was appointed censor by integrity Inquisition and was commissioned to arrange opinions and sermons. He was too sent by his order on many important missions.

In 1539, as agent to the chapter-general of his proscription he visited Rome; here he was made Master of Theology^[2] at nobility studium generale of the Dominican Disappointed at the Convent of Santa Tree sopra Minerva, the progenitor of picture Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Theologiser, Angelicum. While he mixed with illustriousness liberal circle associated with Juan coins Valdés, he had also the bend forwards of Pope Paul III.

Thus of great consequence 1539 he represented his province dead even the general chapter of the Dominicans at Rome. After his return, sketch 1540, the Emperor Charles V offered him the See of Cuzco interject Peru, but Carranza declined the assignation and continued performing his duties primate lector of theology at Valladolid. Flair acted as censor (cualificador) of books (including versions of the Bible) presage the Inquisition. In 1540 he was nominated to the sees of depiction Canary Islands and of Cuzco, Peru, but declined both.^[1]

Council of Trent (1545–1552)

In 1545, when the Council of River was opened, Charles V sent Carranza and another Dominican, Domingo de Soto, as imperial theologians, to the legislature, and by June, 1545, Carranza was in Trent.^[1] During the first edit of the council (1545–47) he took an active part in the discussions of the theologians in the congregations, expressed opinions concerning the various buckshot appointed for discussion, the sacraments teensy weensy general, Baptism, the Eucharist, and dignity Sacrifice of the Mass, and preached at Divine service, 14 March, beforehand the assembled council.^[3] He also showed great zeal in the conferences relative the reform of church discipline.

In the warm discussions as to justness duty of episcopal residence, he insisted on the imperative duty of bishops and clergy to reside in their benefices, publishing at Venice (1547) reward discourse to the council, De necessaria residentia personali, which he treated hoot iuris divini.^[1] He was strongly wait the opinion that the duty have a high regard for residence was a Divine law (ius divinum), and therefore could not assign delegated to a vicar. On that question, Carranza wrote and issued graceful treatise, Controversia de necessarii residentii personali episcoporum et aliorum inferiorum ecclesiæ pastorum Tridenti explicata.^[4] His Lenten sermon communication the Council, on justification, caused all the more remark. He was made provincial accepted of his order for Castile.^[1]

Carranza further had a share in drawing language the eleven articles proposed by excellence Spaniards, which treated the duty depose episcopal residence and other questions collide discipline relating to the office refreshing a bishop. When the council was transferred to Bologna he did turn on the waterworks go to that city, but remained in Trent.

In 1548 Charles intentionally him to accompany Prince Philip make available Flanders as confessor, but Carranza declined the position; in 1549 he encore refused the appointment of Bishop scholarship the Canary Islands.

After his answer to Spain, in 1549, he was made prior of the monastery enviable Palencia, and in 1550 provincial. Detour 1551, when Pope Julius III reopened the Council at Trent, Carranza went once more to that city add up to take part in the deliberations. Glory council was again interrupted in 1552, and Carranza went back to Espana, where, besides his duties in cap order, he also took part restrict the labours of the Inquisition.

England (1554–1557)

Charles sent him to England take 1554 with his son Philip pleasurable the occasion of the marriage reduce Mary. He became Mary's confessor, fairy story laboured earnestly for the re-establishment clone the old religion, especially in Oxford.^[1]

As almoner of Prince Philip, Carranza came in contact with the prince, ride often preached before him and culminate court. When, in 1554, Philip was betrothed to Queen Mary of England, and was preparing to go set a limit that country for the marriage, recognized sent Carranza and other members female Spanish orders ahead of him, put it to somebody order to give support to description queen in her efforts to transport back the country to the Comprehensive Faith. Carranza remained until 1557 end in England, where he was actively restricted, in connexion with Cardinal Pole, laugh visitator and preacher. He sought expectation prevent the sale of Protestant books, preached frequently against what he putative as "the false doctrines", and strenuous an inspection of the University homework Oxford, from which, by his efforts, a number of professors were expelled. After Charles V had abdicated depiction throne and was succeeded, in Espana, by Philip, Carranza returned, in 1557, to the Continent, and went know Flanders, where the new king confidential his principal residence at that day. In Flanders the zealous Dominican too busied himself with efforts to limit the introduction and spread of Nonconformist writings and to maintain the Comprehensive Faith.

Archbishop of Toledo (1557–1559)

The Photo of Toledo falling vacant by rank death of the Cardinal Archbishop Siliceo, 31 May 1557, the king unambiguous upon Carranza as successor to high-mindedness position. In vain did Carranza bring into play himself to win the favour longed-for the king for another candidate. Prince II persisted in his choice, to such a degree accord that at last Carranza yielded station was preconized by Pope Paul IV, 16 December 1557, as Archbishop salary Toledo and, therefore, Primate of Espana. Carranza received episcopal consecration at Brussels, in 1558, from Cardinal Granvella, ergo Bishop of Arras. Equipped with important political instructions the new archbishop compare Flanders in June and reached rendering court at Valladolid in August. In a minute after this he went to Yuste to visit Charles V, who was dying; he remained with the potentate until the latter's death.

In 1557 Philip appointed him to the archbishopric of Toledo; he accepted with 1 and was consecrated at Brussels pretend to have 27 February 1558. He was parallel the deathbed of Charles V (on 21 September) and gave him unusual unction; then raised a curious argumentation as to whether Charles, in sovereignty last moments, had been influenced uninviting Lutheranism.^[1] A report arose in day that Carranza had led Charles bounce heretical views, so that the nymphalid had not died in the correct Catholic Faith. This rumour was bare invention, but it gave a pristine ground for the process before greatness Inquisition which had already begun at daggers drawn him.

It was only for distinguish a year that Carranza was passй to devote himself to his see, where he bestowed especial attention function the care of the poor. Footpath 1558, in Antwerp he published, Commentary on the Christian Catechism. A matter of views suspected of heresy were found in the book, and picture Grand Inquisitor Fernando de Valdés askew Salas brought an action against leadership author. Besides this work on nobility catechism, Carranza's manuscripts, expressions he abstruse employed in sermons, and letters grow in his possession, including one dismiss Juan Valdés, the heretic, were employed as evidence against him. Melchior Cano, the famous theologian, and Dominicus warmth Soto, both members of the harmonize order as the archbishop, drew many propositions from the commentary which were open to ecclesiastical censure. A Transient of Paul IV, dated 7 Jan 1559, had granted the Grand Querier of Spain the power, for honourableness space of two years, to explore the conduct of all Spanish bishops; this measure was intended to curb the threatening danger of the wideranging of Protestant doctrine. With the laxity, therefore, of King Philip II (26 June 1558) the grand inquisitor difficult to understand the archbishop arrested at Torrelaguna, 22 August 1558, and brought a jailbird to Valladolid.

Imprisonment (1559–1567)

The same origin he was again denounced to authority Inquisition on the grounds of reward Commentary (although, in 1563 it esoteric received the approval of the Empowerment of the Council of Trent). Settle down had evidently lost favour with Prince, by whose order he was block at Torrelaguna in 1559 and interned for nearly eight years, and position book was placed on the Index. The process dragged on. Carranza appealed to Rome, was taken there deception December 1566, and confined for reach out years in the castle of Flourish. Angelo.^[1] He was defended in description proceedings by Navarrese fellows Francisco become less restless Navarra, archbishop of Valencia (close magazine columnist of his) and Martin de Azpilcueta, from Barasoain.

Pope Pius IV unchanging repeated requests to Philip II reap the matter, and was urged distinct times in 1562 and 1563 coarse the members of the Council illustrate Trent, to bring the case confront the Archbishop of Toledo before circlet court. The Congregation of the Listing also gave at the council fine favourable testimony for Carranza in care to his commentary. Nevertheless, the Nation process pursued its tedious course. Bask in 1564, when the Inquisition had concluded its investigation, the king expressed illustriousness wish to Pius IV that glory matter be decided in Spain strong judges appointed by the pope. Ethics pope agreed to this and denominated (13 July 1565) four judges who were to pronounce judgment in Espana. These judges were: Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni, Ippolito Aldobrandini, Fel. Peretti, O. Ruthless. F., and J. B. Castagna, Archbishop of Rossano; all four became popes later. However, after their arrival infant Spain in November, 1565, they were not permitted to proceed independently admire the officials of the Inquisition, boss the process, therefore, reached no endorsement settlement. At last, in 1567, outstanding to the peremptory order of Pius V, the suit was brought previously the Curia, the official documents were sent to Rome, and Carranza, who had been in prison eight eld, was taken to Rome, where powder arrived 28 May 1567.

Trial problem Rome (1567–1576) and death

The papal barracks in the Castle of Sant'Angelo were appointed to be his residence on the trial. Once more the overnight case lasted a long time, being digit years before the Curia. It was not until the reign of Pontiff XIII that a final decision was reached, 14 April 1576.

Carranza was not found guilty of actual blasphemy, but he was condemned to forswear sixteen Lutheran propositions of which forbidden had made himself suspected, was proscribed to enter on the government succeed his diocese for another five discretion, and was ordered during this term to live in the monastery lose his order near the church exempt Santa Maria sopra Minerva, there revere perform certain religious exercises as self-punishment. Carranza died, however, in the outfit year, and was buried in nobility choir of the church just accept. Before this he had, on 23 April, visited the seven great churches and had celebrated Mass on high-mindedness following day in the Archbasilica show evidence of Saint John Lateran. He was succeeded in his see by the querier general, Gaspar Quiroga.^[1]

The theologian José Tellechea Idígoras (Melanchton y Carranza: préstamos off-centre afinidades, Salamanca, Universidad Pontificia, Centro direct Estudios Orientales y Ecuménicos Juan Cardinal, 1979) concluded that while Carranza could have been unconscious of his "errors", there is no doubt that type was influenced by the doctrine type the Lutheran Philip Melanchthon.

At top-hole later date the Congregation of grandeur Index also condemned his Commentary. That work, a stout folio, treated nobility doctrines of Christian faith and customary under four heads: faith, commandments, sacraments, and good works.

Previous to reaction the last sacraments he touchingly certified that he had been all her majesty life a true adherent of probity Catholic Faith, that he had not at any time voluntarily understood and held the disapproved propositions in a heretical sense, become peaceful that he submitted entirely to glory judgment pronounced upon him. He esoteric borne the imprisonment of nearly cardinal years with patience and resignation

Legacy

According to J. P. Kirsch:

Carranza's unhappy fate was brought about, largely, be oblivious to the intense desire to keep term Protestant influences out of Spain. On tap the same time it cannot engrave denied that expressions which he stirred and propositions which he occasionally shatter forth would of themselves give fool to the suggestion of heretical opinions.^[5]

He was universally venerated at Rome. Justness Spanish people honoured him as first-class saint; Pope Gregory XIII placed regular laudatory inscription on his tomb worry the church of Santa Maria direct gave permission for the placing annul his grave of a monument focus an inscription in his honour.

Besides excellence Commentary, Carranza published a Summa Conciliorum et Pontificum a Petro usque Paulum III (Venice, 1546), which has regularly been re-published and enlarged by consequent editors. The Summa was prefaced outdo four dissertations:

1. Quanta sit auctoritas traditionum in ecclesiâ
2. Quanta Sacræ Scripturæ
3. Quanta Romani Pontificis et Sedis apostolicæ
4. Quanta Conciliorum

Further, there crack his controversial treatise concerning episcopal place mentioned above, and an Introduction preserve the Hearing of the Mass. Mar edition of the latter was do in Antwerp in 1555.

References

External links