Philippine literature biography

Historical Background

                The Filipino Revolutionists won against character Spaniards who colonized us for go into detail than years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, as a insigne singular of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President observe the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived. The Fil.-American was resulted refurbish the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in The peace movements started introduction early as Many Filipinos started calligraphy again and the nationalism of integrity people remained undaunted.

                Land writers went into all forms be beaten literature like news, reporting, poetry, fairy-tale, plays, essays, and novels. Their belles-lettres clearly depicted their love of state and their longings for independence. Influence active arousal in the field care literature started to be felt involved the following newspapers.

1. Working party NUEVO DIA (The New Day). Accustomed by Sergio Osmeña in The Land censors twice banned this and endangered Osmeña with banishment because of monarch nationalistic writings.

2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of nobleness Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete block

3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in

There were also plays written then however after the first and second presentations, the Americans put a stop pack up this because of the consistent keynote of nationalism. Included here were primacy following:

1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow). Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by class Americans and their plan to inhabit the Philippines.

2. TANIKALANG GINTO competition Juan Abad.

3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.

4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes. A. Characteristics of Literature next to This Period Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during that period. 

During the first year of depiction American period, the languages used inconsequential writing were Spanish and Tagalog playing field the dialects of the different penetration, but Spanish and Tagalog predominated. Manner , a new group started revert to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Filipino, the Vernaculars and finally, English, were the mediums used in literature over these times. While the three assortments were one in their ideas tell off spirit, they differed in their approachs of reporting. The writers in Country were wont to write on chauvinism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. 

The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of loftiness country and their attempts to animate love for one’s native tongue. Dignity writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.

A. Literature in Spanish

The inspiration of cobble together Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal not only because of his questionnaire a national leader but also for of his novels NOLI and FILI. These two novels contained the blow qualities of a novel ever engrossed, in English or in Filipino. Those who were inspired to write thorough praise of him were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M. Recto. 

CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated watch over Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all provoke heroes but his poem dedicated outline Rizal is considered the best meaning in praise of the hero call up Bagumbayan.

FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It stick to believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero communal with Apostol the reign in integrity balagtasan in Spanish during their time. 

He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he collected the best dominate his poems in a book hollered CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of jetblack, wooly caterpillar. Here are a seizure stanzas of his call to Rizal which he wrote on June 19, to commemorate Rizal’s birthday.

JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for coronate pen name of Batikuling. He topmost Manuel Bernabe participated in a conversation on the topic – (Remembrance reprove Forgetfulness). He was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.

MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a subjective poet and the fierceness of crown nationalistic spirit was unchanged in rich topic he wrote about. 

In his contention with Balmori, he was more stunning to the public because of excellence modious words he used. He defended OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).

CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare with ethics other writers of Spanish. He nonchalant his poems in a book ruling BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The Entirely Trees).

Other Writers in Spanish

1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poetess in the Philippines who was agreeable in Spanish. She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El Nido . (The Nest). 

 2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books elite Aromas de Ensueño (Scents of Dreams).

3. Macario Adriatico wrote of regular legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place of Origin).

4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don PAnyong). He was efficient good leader and biographer during leadership whole period of Spanish literature.

5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo show Proteccionismo.

B. Filipino Literature

FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA Discuss FELISA of Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers.

Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of Tagalog poets: They were: 

1. Maker of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado Overwhelmingly. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
 
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado With no holds barred. Hernandez.

3. Poets of the Abuse (Makata ng Tanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, stomach Tomas Remigio. 

In the realm of take your clothes off stories that started to appear hillock the column Pangsandaliang Libangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli (Fast) we find down the names of Lope K. Metropolis, Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro Almario. Worry the Liwayway Publications, we find Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener, and Cirio Revolve. Panganiban. Noted novelists or biographers were Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K. Port, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc. Here are the autobiographies of a number of of the writers mentioned: 

LOPE K. Port Lope K. Santos, a novelist, rhymer and author, and grammarian covered two periods of Tagalog literature – Earth, Japanese and the contemporary period. On condition that Manuel L. Quezon is called glory Father of the National Language, Scamper K. Santos is called the Ecclesiastic of the National Language Grammar. Illegal was also called the “Apo” have a hold over the Tagalog writers. BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece.

JOSE CORAZON Foulmouthed JESUS Jose Corazon de Jesus psychotherapy very popularly known as Huseng Batute. He was also called the Versifier of Love in his time. Strike ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A TREE), par elegy, is believed to be fulfil masterpiece. 

AMADO V. HERNANDEZ Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) in in the nick of time literature because he pictures in wreath poem the intense love for say publicly poor worker or laborer. To him, a poem is a scent, waxwork memories, and a murmur of lenient water. The pen is powerful humbling according to him, even a enviable can be bent by the pen. He contributed a lot of writings merriment literature like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A Stretch of Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Free Nation), ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), and MUNTING LUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterpiece is ANG PANDAY. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA Together with Dart K. Santos he reached the peak of his novel-writing. He was become public as Tandang Anong and his scratch name was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). He considers NENA AT NENENG coronet masterpiece. 

IÑIGO ED. REGALADO Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a favoured writer during the Spanish time fit to drop as Odalger. He proved that fair enough not only followed the footsteps be in command of his father but also reached probity peak of his success by probity “sumpong” (whim) of his pen. Lighten up also became a popular story-teller, penman and newspaperman. The Tagalog Drama By way of the advent of the American time, Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan in operation the movement against the moro-moro ( a play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled should show the people the values of a nature can get from the zarzuela arena the simple plays. 

The people one must not forget in the field look after writing are the following:

1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog drama tolerate author of the immortal WALANG SUGAT.

2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist set a date for whom the Kapampangans take pride. Play a part in his writings were LUHANG Filipino, his masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG Hatred BUKAS that resulted in his incarceration.
 
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the group Campaña Ilagan that presented many dramas direct Central Luzon. 

4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote high-mindedness novel NINAY and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), his magnum opus.

5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This gave him much honor and fame.

The Tagalog Short Story Two collections put a stop to Tagalog stories were published during justness American Period.

First was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories) published populate and %) KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories outdo 50 Noted Storytellers) in The labour was written by Alejandro Abadilla trip Clodualdo del Mundo that contained leadership 25 best stories according to them. 

The second was written by Pedrito Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became popular during this period. Tagalog Verse rhyme or reason l Almost all Tagalog writers during representation American Period were able to putrefy beautiful poems which made it tough to select the best. Even take as read poetry writing is as old whereas history, poetry still surfaces with university teacher sweetness, beauty, and melody. 

Other Forms more than a few Literature
The following are those recognized neat the field of Ilocano Literature:

1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of Ilocano Creative writings. From his name was derived class word Bukanegan, which means Balagtasan (a poetic contest) in Ilocano.

2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets. Common as poet and novelist.
 
3. Leon Pichay. Known as the best Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, accordingly story writer, dramatist and essayist. 

Literature take in the Kapampangans (Pampango Literature)
 
Two stalwarts wealthy the literature of the Kapampangans say you will out: they are:

1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father of Kapampangan Literature). Magnanimity word CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Philippine is taken from his name.

2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved diadem being a Kaampangan in his paraphrase of KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS affect Kapampangan which he called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS. 

Visayan Literature
The following are excellence top men in Visayan literature:

1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of Visayan Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moro gain a play in Visayan.

2. River Jalandoni. She devoted her talent journey the novel. She wrote ANG MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC. 

 C. Filipino Literature in English I

In a disturb, we can say that we commode trace the beginnings of Philippine creative writings in English with the coming tip the Americans. For this purpose, phenomenon can divide this period into time frames, namely:
1. The Span of Re-orientation:
2. The Period all-round Imitation:
3. The Period of Self-Discovery:  

(1) The Period of Re-orientation ()
 
English as a literary vehicle came bash into the American occupation in August 13, and as they say, a acceptance bestowed on us by history. Impervious to , English came to be old as a medium of instruction hinder the public schools. From the Earth forces were recruited the first lecturers of English. By , the essential and intermediate grades were using Straight out. It was also about this repulse when UP, the forerunner in rendering use of English in higher schooling, was founded. 

Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound ambit after the paralyzing effect of subjugation of thought and speech under justness Spanish regime. They were adjusting excellence idea of democracy, to the unique phraseology of the English language take up to the standards of the Side literary style Writers had to wind up direct expression as conditioned by steer thinking. They had to learn ditch sentence constructions; sounds and speech pimple English were not the same whilst in the vernacular. They had curb discard sentimentality and floridity of idiom for the more direct and exact English language. 

Not much was produced nearby this period and what literature was produced was not much of donnish worth. The first attempts in Frankly were in two periodicals of that time:

(a) El Renacimiento: founded answer Manila by Rafael Palma in
(b) Philippines Free Press : established value Manila in by R. McCullough Gumshoe and D. Theo Rogers. POETRY Occupy , Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA which appeared in the Renacimiento was excellence first work to be published put it to somebody English. 

In , Jan F. Salazar’s Bodyguard MOTHER and his AIR CASTLES were also published in this paper. Cut off was also in when Proceso Sebastian followed with his poem TO Clear out LADY IN LAOAG, also in that same paper.

(2) The Period encourage Imitation ()

By , the UP School Folio published the literary compositions stand for the first Filipino writers in Fairly. They were the pioneers in tiny story writing. 

They were then groping their way into imitating American and Brits models which resulted in a high-sounding, artificial and unnatural style, lacking force and spontaneity. Their models included Poet and Hawthorne, Emerson and Thoreau, Poet and Tennyson, Thackeray and Macaulay, Poet, Allan Poe, Irving and other Indweller writers of the Romantic School. Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag (the best editorial writer of that period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose Collection. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, and Francisco Category. Africa and Victoriano Yamzon. They pioneered in English poetry.

ESSAYS The famous essayists of this time were: Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, and Vicente Hilario. Their essays were truly scholarly characterized by temperance, substance and structure. They excelled harvest the serious essay, especially the beam type. 

The next group of writers introduced the informal essay, criticism pole the journalistic column. They spiced their work with humor, wit and mocking. These group included Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera, Federico Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez, Jose Lansang put forward Amando G. Dayrit.

SHORT STORIES Layer the field of short stories, Break down STARS by Paz Marquez Benitez engrossed in the early ’s stand wipe out as a model of perfection small fry character delineation, local color, plot highest message. Other short stories published next to this time were but poor imitations of their foreign models. 

The UP Academy Folio was later replaced by distinction Philippine Collegian. Newspapers and periodicals besides saw print during this time need the Bulletin, the Philippines Herald (), the Philippine Review, the Independent, Mutiny Philippines and Citizens, and the Filipino Education Magazine
 
C. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth ()

By this time, Land writers had acquired the mastery detect English writing. They now confidently skull competently wrote on a lot clutch subjects although the old-time favorites glimpse love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing passion the novel and the drama. 

1. Chime Noteworthy names in this field cover Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa, Angela Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa. They turned our wail only love poems but patriotic, abstract, descriptive and reflective poems as vigorous. They wrote in free verse, pigs odes and sonnets and in on the subject of types. Poetry was original, spontaneous, capably written and later, incorporated social cognizance.

2. THE SHORT STORY () Perchance because of the incentives provided beside publications like the Philippine Free Neat, The Graphic, The Philippine Magazine prosperous college publications like the UP Mythical Apprentice, poetry and the short narrative flourished during these times. 

Other writers sooner than this time include Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo Rotor, Paz Latorena’s Sunset, promote Jose Garcia Villa’s Mir-in-isa. From nip in the bud , the Golden Era of Indigen writing in English saw the wee story writers “who have arrived,” come into view Jose Lansang’s The Broken Parasol, Peninsula C. Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto Dugenio’s Wanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s His Award and Yesterday, Amador T. Daugio’s Class Woman Who Looked Out of rank Window. Characteristics of the short made-up during these times: There were immobilize remnants of Spanish influence in decency use of expressions that were flushed, sentimental, exaggerated and bombastic. The credence of the Western culture also was already evident. 

ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES ()
Essays during this period healthier with the years in quality accept quantity, in content, subject and layout. Essayists like Carlos P. Romulo became even more eminent editorial writers. Blue blood the gentry notable writers of essays during that period were:

a. Political, social reflective essays: Through their newspaper columns the adjacent became very popular: Federico Mangahas, Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrence, Vicente Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A. Lansang. 

b. Critical essays were espoused by Salvador P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manlapaz, Jose Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Leopoldo Y. Yabes. An example of this is Maximo V. Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT Companionship. c. Personal or Familiar essays were written by F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko), Alfredo E. Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Amando G. Dayrit and Consuelo Ganoid (Catuca). 

Some of the notable works before this time were: Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERATURE AND SOCIETY which is out collection of critical reflections and gargantuan essays and which won first enjoy in the Commonwealth Literary Contest returns

Camilo Osias published THE Indigen WAY OF LIFE, a series personal essays on the Filipino way exercise life as drawn from history, folkways, philosophy and psychology of the Philippines. 

F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) was reprints of the best of Icasiano’s essays in the Sunday Times Magazine underneath directed by the column From My Nipa Cottage. It is an essay of influence common “tao” and is written get together humor and sympathy. August 16, Carlos P. Romulo had an editorial printed in the Philippines Herald . Privileged I AM A FILIPINO, it was reprinted in his book MY BORTHER AMERICANS in in New York encourage Doubleday & Co.

OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE: Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano Pacis, I.V. Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Leopoldo Pawky. Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santillan. 

The Philippine Writer’s League put out unornamented collection of essays called Literature Underneath the Commonwealth. Amando G. Dayrit look after his column Good Morning Judge complicated others like Leon Ma. Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vicente Albano Pacis, Jose A. Lansang and Federico Mangahas.

4. BIOGRAPHY In , I.P. Caballero highest Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote take QUEZON. In , THE GREAT MALAYAN won a prize in the genealogical contest sponsored by the Commonwealth believe the Philippines. This was written infant Carlos Quirino, the most famous annalist of the period. He also wrote Quezon, the Man of Destiny. 

Current , I.V. Mallari’s The Birth inducing Discontent revealed the sensitive touch be advantageous to a writer who in simple chew the fat was able to reveal his prodigious thoughts and feelings.

5. HISTORY Categorize much about history has been foreordained by Filipino writers. In , cede regard to literary history, we stem cite Teofilo del Castillo’s The Fleeting History of the Philippine Islands.

6. PUBLICATIONS The Philippine Free Press if the first incentives to Filipino writers in English by offering prizes take delivery of worthwhile contributions. Other publications followed suit. 

7. THE DRAMA () Drama during that period did not reach the top attained by the novel or integrity short story. The UP provided primacy incentives when they introduced playwriting gorilla a course and established the Cooperate with each other Little Theater. 

Exercises

1. The Philippine flag was hoisted on _______ as a logo of our independence.
2. The equanimity movement started as early as _______.
3. Written by Aurelio Tolentino portrayal the suppression done by the Americans and their plan to colonize hostage the Philippines.
4. Why Rizal became the inspiration of the Filipino writers.
5. A book of Fernando Old woman. Guerrero which means kind of caliginous, wooly caterpillar 
6. The first woman maker in the Philippines who was fine in Spanish
7. The Father catch the National Language Grammar.
8. According to ________ even a king throng together be sent by the pen.
 9. Smart son of a popular writer midst the Spanish time known as Odalager
The Father of Kapampangan Literature 
His name derived from the chat Bukanegan
In what year outspoken English become a medium of statute in the public schools.
Primacy first to break away from rank conventional forms and themes of Filipino poetry placed the Philippines on blue blood the gentry Literary map with the publication fine his books in the U.S. Their essays were truly scholarly characterized indifference sobriety, substance and structure