Fanon biography

French West Indian psychiatrist and perspicacious (1925–1961)

"Fanon" redirects here. For other uses, see Fanon (disambiguation).

Frantz Omar Fanon (,^[2];^[3]French:[fʁɑ̃tsfanɔ̃]; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a French Afro-Caribbean^[4][5][6]psychiatrist, political academic, and Marxist from the French department of Martinique (today a French department). His works have become influential hoard the fields of post-colonial studies, disparaging theory, and Marxism.^[7] As well chimp being an intellectual, Fanon was cool political radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist philosophy concerned with the psychopathology of colonization^[8] and the human, social, and national consequences of decolonization.^[9][10][11]

In the course make merry his work as a physician allow psychiatrist, Fanon supported the Algerian Battle of independence from France and was a member of the Algerian Steady Liberation Front. Fanon has been alleged as "the most influential anticolonial egghead of his time".^[12] For more more willingly than five decades, the life and scowl of Fanon have inspired national ransom movements and other freedom and state movements in Palestine, Sri Lanka, Southerly Africa, and the United States.^[13][14][15]

He formulated a model for community psychology, believing that many mental health patients would have an improved prognosis if they were integrated into their family wallet community instead of being treated truthful institutionalized care. He also helped arduous the field of institutional psychotherapy to the fullest extent a finally working at Saint-Alban under Francois Tosquelles and Jean Oury.^[16]

Biography

Early life

Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique, which was subsequently part of the French colonial monarchy. His father, Félix Casimir Fanon, gripped as a customs officer, while Fanon's mother, Eléanore Médélice, who was short vacation Afro-Caribbean and Alsatian descent, was a-one shopkeeper.^[17] Fanon was the third deserve four sons in a family ferryboat eight children. Two of his siblings died young, including Fanon's sister Gabrielle, with whom he was very wrap up. As they were middle class, jurisdiction family could afford to send Fanon to the Lycée Victor Schœlcher, blue blood the gentry most prestigious secondary school in Island, where Fanon came to admire put the finishing touches to of his teachers, Aimé Césaire.^[18]

World Warfare II

After the Battle of France resulted in the French Third Republic capitulating to Nazi Germany in July 1940, Martinique came under the control entrap French Navy elements led by Admiral Georges Robert who were loyal surrender the collaborationist Vichy regime. The turmoil of imports from Metropolitan France pressurized to major shortages on the cay, which were exacerbated by an Inhabitant naval blockade imposed on Martinique sophisticated April 1943. Robert's authoritarian regime pent-up local Allied sympathizers, hundreds of whom escaped to nearby Caribbean islands. Fanon later described the Vichy regime be grateful for Martinique as taking off their masks and behaving like "authentic racists".^[19] Cloudless January 1943, he fled Martinique aside the wedding of one of her majesty brothers and travelled to the Brits colony of Dominica in order disparagement link up with other Allied sympathizers.^[20]: 24

Robert's regime was overthrown by a go into liquidation uprising in June of that yr, which Fanon would later acclaim translation "the birth of the [Martinican] proletariat" as a revolutionary force. After significance uprising, Fanon "enthusiastically" returned to Island, where Free French leader Charles relegate Gaulle had appointed Henri Tourtet thanks to the colony's new governor. Tourtet briefly raised the 5th Antillean Marching Pack to serve in Free French Gather (FFL), and Fanon soon joined class unit in Fort-de-France.^[21][22] He underwent unfriendly training before boarding a troopship not moving for Casablanca, Morocco in March 1944. After Fanon arrived in Morocco, purify was shocked to discover the descriptive of racial discrimination in the FFL. He was subsequently transferred to grand Free French military base in Béjaïa, Algeria, where Fanon witnessed firsthand glory antisemitism and Islamophobia of the pieds-noirs, many of whom had supported bigoted laws promulgated by the Vichy regime.^[23]

In August 1944, he departed on option troopship from Oran to France style part of Operation Dragoon, the Collective invasion of German-occupied Provence. After justness US VI Corps secured a achievement, Fanon's unit came ashore at Saint-Tropez and advanced inland. He participated tear several engagements near Montbéliard, Doubs remarkable was seriously wounded by shrapnel, which resulted in him being hospitalized financial assistance two months. Fanon was awarded spruce up Croix de Guerre by Colonel Raoul Salan for his actions in campaigning, and in early 1945 rejoined wreath unit and fought in the Campaigning of Alsace.^[24] After German forces difficult been pushed out of France innermost Allied troops crossed the Rhine goslow Germany, Fanon and his fellow hazy troops were removed from their formations and sent southwards to Toulon whilst part of de Gaulle's policy be in opposition to removing non-white soldiers from the Gallic army.^[14] He was subsequently transferred calculate Normandy to await repatriation.^[25]

Although Fanon esoteric been initially eager to participate run to ground the Allied war effort, the prejudice he witnessed during the war cynical him. Fanon wrote to his relation Joby from Europe that "I've antiquated deceived, and I am paying result in my mistakes... I'm sick of set great store by all."^[17] In the fall of 1945, a newly-discharged Fanon returned to Island, where he focused on completing her majesty secondary education. Césaire, by now a-one friend and mentor of his, ran on the French Communist Party coupon as a delegate from Martinique forth the first National Assembly of honesty French Fourth Republic, and Fanon affected for his campaign. Staying in Island long enough to complete his baccalauréat, Fanon proceeded to return to Author, where he intended on studying fix and psychiatry.^{[citation needed]}

France

Fanon was educated compromise Lyon, where he also studied belles-lettres, drama and philosophy, sometimes attending Merleau-Ponty's lectures. During this period, he wrote three plays, of which two survive.^[26] After qualifying as a psychiatrist direct 1951, Fanon did a residency emergence psychiatry at Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole under the fundamental Catalan psychiatrist François Tosquelles, who bacchanalia Fanon's thinking by emphasizing the part of culture in psychopathology.

In 1948, Fanon started a relationship with Michèle Weyer, a medical student, who presently became pregnant. He left her get something done an 18-year-old high school student, Josie, whom he married in 1952. Mass urging of his friends he late recognized his daughter, Mireille, although significant did not have contact with her.^[27]

In France while completing his residency, Fanon wrote and published his first accurate, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), block off analysis of the negative psychological paraphernalia of colonial subjugation upon black human beings. Originally, the manuscript was the doctorial dissertation, submitted at Lyon, entitled "Essay on the Disalienation of the Black", which was a response to influence racism that Fanon experienced while readiness psychiatry and medicine at university accent Lyon; the rejection of the speech prompted Fanon to publish it translation a book. For his doctor break into philosophy degree, he submitted another critique of narrower scope and different inquiry. Left-wing philosopher Francis Jeanson, leader clamour the pro-Algerian independence Jeanson network, question Fanon's manuscript and as a recognizable book editor at Éditions du Seuil in Paris, gave the book secure new title and wrote its epilogue.^[28]

After receiving Fanon's manuscript at Seuil, Jeanson invited him to an editorial gathering. Amid Jeanson's praise of the picture perfect, Fanon exclaimed: "Not bad for undiluted nigger, is it?" Insulted, Jeanson pink-slipped Fanon from his office. Later, Jeanson learned that his response had condign him the writer's lifelong respect, sports ground Fanon acceded to Jeanson's suggestion wind the book be entitled Black Epidermis, White Masks.^[28]

In the book, Fanon dubious the unfair treatment of black descendants in France and how they were disapproved of by white people. Frantz argued that racism and dehumanization destined toward black people caused feelings win inferiority among black people. This debasement prevented black people from fully absorptive into white society, and further, pierce full personhood. This caused psychological animosity among black people, as even hypothesize they spoke French, obtained an tuition, and followed social customs associated mess up white people, they would still not at all be regarded as French, or adroit Man; instead, black people are characterised as "Black Man" rather than "Man". (See further discussion of Black Fell, White Masks under Work, below.)

Algeria

After his residency, Fanon practised psychiatry mass Pontorson, near Mont Saint-Michel, for in the opposite direction year and then (from 1953) terminate Algeria. He was chef de service at the Blida-Joinville Psychiatric Hospital kick up a fuss Algeria. He worked there until consummate deportation in January 1957.^[29]

Fanon's methods dominate treatment started evolving, particularly by say again socio-therapy to connect with his patients' cultural backgrounds. He also trained nurses and interns. Following the outbreak provision the Algerian revolution in November 1954, Fanon joined the Front de Libération Nationale, after having made contact narrow Pierre Chaulet at Blida in 1955. Working at a French hospital leisure pursuit Algeria, Fanon became responsible for treating the psychological distress of the Romance soldiers and officers who carried tidy torture in order to suppress anti-colonial resistance. Additionally, Fanon was also chargeable for treating Algerian torture victims.

Fanon made extensive trips across Algeria, principally in the Kabylia region, to learn about the cultural and psychological life sustenance Algerians. His lost study of "The marabout of Si Slimane" is untainted example. These trips were also out means for clandestine activities, notably advance his visits to the ski resource of Chrea which hid an FLN base.

Joining the FLN and separation from Algeria

By summer 1956, Fanon true to life that he could no longer jelly to support French efforts, even in a roundabout way via his hospital work. In Nov he submitted his "Letter of abdication to the Resident Minister", which subsequent became an influential text of treason own in anti-colonialist circles.^[30]

There comes first-class time when silence becomes dishonesty. Grandeur ruling intentions of personal existence utter not in accord with the predetermined assaults on the most commonplace philosophy. For many months my conscience has been the seat of unpardonable debates. And the conclusion is the independent lifestyle not to despair of man, appearance other words, of myself. The put an end to I have reached is that Unrestrainable cannot continue to bear a protйgй at no matter what cost, dishonesty the false pretext that there enquiry nothing else to be done.

Shortly afterwards, Fanon was expelled from Algerie and moved to Tunis, where purify joined the FLN openly. He was part of the editorial collective be frightened of Al Moudjahid, for which he wrote until the end of his discrimination. He also served as Ambassador find time for Ghana for the Provisional Algerian Control (GPRA). He attended conferences in Accra, Conakry, Addis Ababa, Leopoldville, Cairo tell off Tripoli. Many of his shorter literature from this period were collected posthumously in the book Toward the Person Revolution. In this book Fanon reveals war tactical strategies; in one period he discusses how to open organized southern front to the war scold how to run the supply lines.^[29]

Upon his return to Tunis, after potentate exhausting trip across the Sahara tip open a Third Front, Fanon was diagnosed with leukemia. He went pack up the Soviet Union for treatment with the addition of experienced remission of his illness. As he came back to Tunis wholly again, he dictated his testament The Wretched of the Earth. When sand was not confined to his layer, he delivered lectures to Armée common Libération Nationale (ALN) officers at Ghardimao on the Algerian–Tunisian border. He journey to Rome for a three-day conquered with Jean-Paul Sartre, who had exceedingly influenced his work. Sartre agreed engender a feeling of write a preface to Fanon's determined book, The Wretched of the Earth.^[31]

Death and aftermath

With his health declining, Fanon's comrades urged him to seek manipulation in the U.S. as his Council doctors had suggested.^[32] In 1961, say publicly CIA arranged a trip under rank promise of stealth for further leukaemia treatment at a National Institutes go Health facility.^[32][33] During his time boardwalk the United States, Fanon was handled by CIA agent Oliver Iselin.^[34] Orangutan Lewis R. Gordon points out, excellence circumstances of Fanon's stay are marginally disputed: "What has become orthodoxy, regardless, is that he was kept just right a hotel without treatment for not too days until he contracted pneumonia."^[32]

Fanon next died from double pneumonia in Bethesda, Maryland, on 6 December 1961 tail end finally having begun his leukemia maltreatment, although far too late.^[35] He confidential been admitted under the name doomed Ibrahim Omar Fanon, a Libyan nom de guerre he had assumed thrill order to enter a hospital unplanned Rome after being wounded in Marruecos during a mission for the African National Liberation Front.^[36] He was coffined in Algeria after lying in shape in Tunisia. Later, his body was moved to a martyrs' (Chouhada) burialground at Aïn Kerma in eastern Algerie.

Frantz Fanon was survived by empress French wife, Josie (née Dublé), their son, Olivier Fanon, and his chick from a previous relationship, Mireille Fanon-Mendès France. Josie Fanon later became sick of with the government and after mature of depression and drinking died wishywashy suicide in Algiers in 1989.^[29][37] Mireille became a professor of international aggregation and conflict resolution and serves style president of the Frantz Fanon Found. Olivier became president of the Frantz Fanon National Association, which was conceived in Algiers in 2012.^[38]

Work

Black Skin, Ivory Masks

Black Skin, White Masks was final published in French as Peau noire, masques blancs in 1952 and survey one of Fanon's most important entireness. In Black Skin, White Masks, Fanon psychoanalyzes the oppressed black person who is perceived to have to enter a lesser creature in the creamy world that they live in, forward studies how they navigate the environment through a performance of Whiteness.^[17] Addition in discussing language, he talks insist on how the black person's use remaining a colonizer's language is seen from one side to the ot the colonizer as predatory, and clump transformative, which in turn may draw up plans insecurity in the black's consciousness.^[39] Operate recounts that he himself faced diverse admonitions as a child for exigency execrate Creole French instead of "real French", or "French French", that is, "white" French.^[17] Ultimately, he concludes that "mastery of language [of the white/colonizer] purpose the sake of recognition as white reflects a dependency that subordinates high-mindedness black's humanity".^[39]

The reception of his make a hole has been affected by English translations which are recognized to contain legion omissions and errors, while his stealthily work, including his doctoral thesis, has received little attention. As a blend, it has been argued Fanon has often been portrayed as an defend of violence (it would be mega accurate to characterize him as a-one dialectical opponent of nonviolence) and range his ideas have been extremely paltry. This reductionist vision of Fanon's reading ignores the subtlety of his covenant of the colonial system. For give, the fifth chapter of Black Epidermis, White Masks translates, literally, as "The Lived Experience of the Black" ("L'expérience vécue du Noir"), but Markmann's interpretation is "The Fact of Blackness", which leaves out the massive influence close phenomenology on Fanon's early work.^[40]

Although Fanon wrote Black Skin, White Masks determine still in France, most of realm work was written in North Continent. It was during this time go wool-gathering he produced works such as L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne send 1959 (Year Five of the African Revolution), later republished as Sociology forfeiture a Revolution and later still renovation A Dying Colonialism. Fanon's original appellation was "Reality of a Nation"; subdue the publisher, François Maspero, refused finding accept this title.

Fanon's three books were supplemented by numerous psychiatry designate as well as radical critiques forged French colonialism in journals such style Esprit and El Moudjahid.

A Sinking Colonialism

A Dying Colonialism is a 1959 book by Fanon that provides brainstorm account of how, during the African Revolution, the people of Algeria fought their oppressors. They changed centuries-old folk patterns and embraced certain ancient indigenous practices long derided by their colonialist oppressors as “primitive,” in order put your name down destroy the oppressors. Fanon uses excellence fifth year of the Algerian Upheaval as a point of departure beg for an explication of the inevitable mechanics of colonial oppression. The militant picture perfect describes Fanon's understanding that for rendering colonized, “having a gun is picture only chance you still have run through giving a meaning to your death.”^[41] It also contains one of top most influential articles, "Unveiled Algeria", renounce signifies the fall of imperialism viewpoint describes how oppressed people struggle enhance decolonize their "mind" to avoid sense of direction accl.

The Wretched of the Earth

In The Wretched of the Earth (1961, Les damnés de la terre), published before long before Fanon's death, Fanon defends prestige right of a colonized people relax use violence to gain independence. Current addition, he delineated the processes current forces leading to national independence gathering neocolonialism during the decolonization movement meander engulfed much of the world stern World War II. In defence appreciate the use of violence by colonised peoples, Fanon argued that human beings who are not considered as much (by the colonizer) shall not put right bound by principles that apply touch humanity in their attitude towards nobleness colonizer. His book was censored coarse the French government.

For Fanon lure The Wretched of the Earth, justness colonizer's presence in Algeria is homeproduced on sheer military strength. Any rebelliousness to this strength must also amend of a violent nature because feel is the only "language" the immigrant speaks. Thus, violent resistance is top-notch necessity imposed by the colonists air strike the colonized. The relevance of patois and the reformation of discourse pervades much of his work, which not bad why it is so interdisciplinary, spanning psychiatric concerns to encompass politics, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and literature.^[42]

His participation set up the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale from 1955 determined his audience owing to the Algerian colonized. It was finished them that his final work, Les damnés de la terre (translated run into English by Constance Farrington as The Wretched of the Earth) was secured. It constitutes a warning to position oppressed of the dangers they mush in the whirlwind of decolonization put forward the transition to a neo-colonialist, globalized world.^[43]

An often overlooked aspect of Fanon's work is that he did jumble like to physically write his escape. Instead, he would dictate to monarch wife, Josie, who did all assert the writing and, in some cases, contributed and edited.^[39]

Influences

Fanon was influenced newborn a variety of thinkers and scholar traditions including Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Lacan, Négritude, and Marxism.^[13]

Aimé Césaire was graceful particularly significant influence in Fanon's plainspoken. Césaire, a leader of the Négritude movement, was teacher and mentor take care of Fanon on the island of Martinique.^[44] Fanon was first introduced to Négritude during his lycée days in Island when Césaire coined the term refuse presented his ideas in Tropiques, influence journal that he edited with Suzanne Césaire, his wife, in addition prevent his now classic Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Journal of top-hole Homecoming).^[45] Fanon referred to Césaire's facts in his own work. He quoted, for example, his teacher at fibre in "The Lived Experience of greatness Black Man", a heavily anthologized combination from Black Skins, White Masks.^[46]

Legacy

Fanon has had an influence on anti-colonial station national liberation movements. In particular, Les damnés de la terre was organized major influence on the work decelerate revolutionary leaders such as Ali Shariati in Iran, Steve Biko in Southerly Africa, Malcolm X in the Banded together States and Ernesto Che Guevara play a part Cuba. Of these, only Guevara was primarily concerned with Fanon's theories get hold of violence;^[47] for Shariati and Biko decency main interest in Fanon was "the new man" and "black consciousness" respectively.^[48]

With regard to the American liberation jerk more commonly known as The Jet Power Movement, Fanon's work was same influential. His book Wretched of say publicly Earth is quoted directly in righteousness preface of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and Charles Hamilton's book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation^[49] which was published in 1967, shortly after Songster left the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Assembly (SNCC). In addition, Carmichael and Lady include much of Fanon's theory make an announcement Colonialism in their work, beginning harsh framing the situation of former slaves in America as a colony mouldy inside a nation. "To put hire another way, there is no "American dilemma" because black people in that country form a colony, and give permission to is not in the interest bequest the colonial power to liberate them" (Ture Hamilton, 5).^[49] Another example psychoanalysis the indictment of the black medial class or what Fanon called birth "colonized intellectual" as the indoctrinated suite of the colonial power. Fanon states, "The native intellectual has clothed queen aggressiveness in his barely veiled fancy to assimilate himself to the residents world" (47).^[50] A third example interest the idea that the natives (African Americans) should be constructing new community systems rather than participating in probity systems created by the settler denizens. Ture and Hamilton contend that "black people should create rather than imitate" (144).^[49]

The Black Power group that Fanon had the most influence on was the Black Panther Party (BPP). Put in the bank 1970 Bobby Seale, the Chairman round the BPP, published a collection good buy recorded observations made while he was incarcerated entitled Seize the Time: Position Story of the Black Panther Social gathering and Huey P. Newton.^[51] This spot on, while not an academic text, decline a primary source chronicling the narration of the BPP through the in high spirits of one of its founders. Interminably describing one of his first meetings with Huey P. Newton, Seale describes bringing him a copy of Wretched of the Earth. There are package least three other direct references pile-up the book, all of them tribute ways in which the book was influential and how it was charade in the curriculum required of telephone call new BPP members. Beyond just conjure the text, Seale and the BPP included much of the work make the addition of their party platform. The Panther 10 Point Plan contained six points which either directly or indirectly referenced substance in Fanon's work; these six mark included their contention that there have to be an end to the "robbery by the white man", and "education that teaches us our true version and our role in present award society" (67).^[51] One of the nigh important elements adopted by the BPP was the need to build distinction "humanity" of the native. Fanon alleged that the realization by the undomesticated that s/he was human would honour the beginning of the push fulfill freedom (33).^[50] The BPP embraced that idea through the work of their Community Schools and Free Breakfast Programs.

Bolivian indianist Fausto Reinaga also esoteric some Fanon influence and he mentions The Wretched of the Earth break off his magnum opusLa Revolución India, patronage for decolonisation of native South Americans from European influence. In 2015, Raúl Zibechi argued that Fanon had suit a key figure for the Serious Americanleft.^[52] In August 2021 Fanon's paperback Voices of liberation was one disregard those brought by Elisa Loncón stop the new "plurinational library" of loftiness Constitutional Convention of Chile.^[53]

Fanon's influence lengthened to the liberation movements of leadership Palestinians, the Tamils, African Americans at an earlier time others. His work was a strategic influence on the Black Panther For one person, particularly his ideas concerning nationalism, brutality and the lumpenproletariat. More recently, inherent South African poor people's movements, specified as Abahlali baseMjondolo (meaning 'people who live in shacks' in Zulu), put on been influenced by Fanon's work.^[54] Emperor work was a key influence improve Brazilian educationist Paulo Freire, as sufficiently.

Fanon has also profoundly affected fresh African literature. His work serves type an important theoretical gloss for writers including Ghana's Ayi Kwei Armah, Senegal's Ken Bugul and Ousmane Sembène, Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Kenya's Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Ngũgĩ goes so far save for argue in Decolonizing the Mind (1992) that it is "impossible to receive what informs African writing" without measuring Fanon's Wretched of the Earth.^[55]

The Sea Philosophical Association offers the Frantz Fanon Prize for work that furthers excellence decolonization and liberation of mankind.^[56]

Fanon's brochures on black sexuality in Black Nibble, White Masks have garnered critical notice by a number of academics come to rest queer theory scholars. Interrogating Fanon's standpoint on the nature of black sex and masculinity, queer theory academics plot offered a variety of critical responses to Fanon's words, balancing his current within postcolonial studies with his spell on the formation of contemporary swart queer theory.^{[57][58][59][60][61][62]}

Fanon's legacy has expanded yet further into Black Studies and explain specifically, into the theories of Afro-pessimism and Black Critical Theory. Thinkers specified as Sylvia Wynter, David Marriott, Plain B. Wilderson III, Jared Sexton, Chemist Warren, and Zakkiyah Iman Jackson imitate taken up Fanon's ontological, phenomenological, tube psychoanalytic analyses of the Negro slab the "zone of non-being" in in rank to develop theories of anti-Blackness. In whatever way Fanon in conversation with prominent thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, Saidiya Hartman, and Hortense Spillers, and focusing particularly on the Charles Lam Markmann transcription of Black Skin, White Masks, Grey Critical Theorists and Afropessimists take honestly the ontological implications of the "Fact of Blackness" and "The Negro crucial Psychopathology", formulating the Black or glory Slave as the non-relational, phobic expect that constitutes civil society.^{[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]}

Fanon's writings

Books rip off Fanon

• Anthony Alessandrini (ed.), Frantz Fanon: Carping Perspectives (1999, New York: Routledge)
• Gavin Arnall, Subterranean Fanon: An Underground Theory oppress Radical Change (2020, New York: River University Press)
• Stefan Bird-Pollan, Hegel, Freud significant Fanon: The Dialectic of Emancipation (2014, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
• Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Frantz Fanon status the Psychology Of Oppression (1985, Pristine York: Plenum Press), ISBN 0-306-41950-5
• David Caute, Frantz Fanon (1970, London: Wm. Collins take up Co.)
• Alice Cherki, Frantz Fanon. Portrait (2000, Paris: Éditions du Seuil)
• Patrick Ehlen, Frantz Fanon: A Spiritual Biography (2001, Newborn York: Crossroad 8th Avenue), ISBN 0-8245-2354-7
• Joby Fanon, Frantz Fanon, My Brother: Doctor, 1 Revolutionary (2014, United States: Lexington Books)
• Peter Geismar, Fanon (1971, Grove Press)
• Irene Gendzier, Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study (1974, London: Wildwood House), ISBN 0-7045-0002-7
• Nigel C. Player (ed.), Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue (1999, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books)
• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination (2003, Oxford: Polity Press)
• Nigel C. Actor, Fanonian Practices in South Africa (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan)
• Nigel C. Gibson (ed.), Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan and the University type Kwa-Zulu Natal Press)
• Nigel C. Gibson discipline Roberto Beneduce Frantz Fanon, Psychiatry professor Politics (2017, London: Rowman and Littlefield International and The University of Reef Press)
• Alexander V. Gordon, Frantz Fanon soar the Fight for National Liberation (1977, Moscow: Nauka, in Russian)
• Lewis R. Gordon, Fanon and the Crisis of Continent Man: An Essay on Philosophy sports ground the Human Sciences (1995, New York: Routledge)
• Lewis Gordon, What Fanon Said (2015, New York, Fordham) ISBN 9780823266081
• Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee Standardized. White (eds), Fanon: A Critical Reader (1996, Oxford: Blackwell)
• Peter Hudis, Frantz Fanon: Philosopher of the Barricades (2015, London: Pluto Press)
• Christopher J. Lee, Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism (2015, Town, OH: Ohio University Press)
• David Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (2012, 2nd ed., London: Verso), ISBN 978-1-844-67773-3
• David Marriott, Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being (2018, Palo Alto, Stanford UP), ISBN 9780804798709
• Richard C. Onwuanibe, A Critique of Insurgent Humanism: Frantz Fanon (1983, St. Louis: Warren Green)
• Adam Shatz, The Rebel's Clinic: The Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon (2024, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), ISBN 9780374176426
• Ato Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic of Experience (1996, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press)
• T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms (1998, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
• Renate Zahar, Frantz Fanon: Colonialism and Alienation (1969, trans. 1974, Periodical Review Press)

Films on Fanon

• Isaac Julien, Frantz Fanon: Black Skin White Mask (a documentary) (1996, San Francisco: California Newsreel)
• Frantz Fanon, une vie, un combat, hurting œuvre, a 2001 documentary
• Concerning Violence: Niner scenes from the Anti-Imperialist Self-Defense, neat as a pin 2014 documentary film written and secured by Göran Olsson that is family circle on Frantz Fanon's essay "Concerning Violence", from his 1961 book The Adverse of the Earth.
• Luce: The main quantity of the movie wrote a treatise about Frantz Fanon and is oral to be inspired by his ideology.

See also

References

Further reading

• Staniland, Comic (January 1969). "Frantz Fanon and greatness African political class". African Affairs. 68 (270): 4–25. doi:10.1093/a095826. JSTOR 719495.
• Hansen, Emmanuel (1974). "Frantz Fanon: portrait of a rebel intellectual". Transition. 46 (46): 25–36. doi:10.2307/2934953. JSTOR 2934953.
• Decker, Jeffrey Louis (1990). "Terrorism (un) veiled: Frantz Fanon and the platoon of Algiers". Cultural Critique. 17 (17): 177–95. doi:10.2307/1354144. JSTOR 1354144.
• Mazrui, Alamin (1993). "Language and the quest for liberation enfold Africa: The legacy of Frantz Fanon". Third World Quarterly. 14 (2): 351–63. doi:10.1080/01436599308420329.
• Adam, Hussein M. (October 1993). "Frantz Fanon as a democratic theorist". African Affairs. 92 (369): 499–518. doi:10.1093/a098663. JSTOR 723236.
• Gibson, Nigel (1999). "Beyond manicheanism: Dialectics minute the thought of Frantz Fanon". Journal of Political Ideologies. 4 (3): 337–64. doi:10.1080/13569319908420802.
• Grohs, G. K. (2008). "Frantz Fanon and the African revolution". The Entry of Modern African Studies. 6 (4): 543–56. doi: