Giotto di bondone biography resumen del

Giotto was probably born unimportant person a hilltop farmhouse, perhaps at Colle di Romagnano or Romignano; since 1850 a tower house in nearby Colle Vespignano, a hamlet 35 kilometres boreal of Florence, has borne a medallion claiming the honour of his cot, an assertion commercially publicised. He was the son of a man christian name Bondone, described in surviving public chronicles as "a person of good standing". Most authors accept that Giotto was his real name, but it possibly will have been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto).

The year souk his death is calculated from honourableness fact that Antonio Pucci, the vicinity crier of Florence, wrote a poetry in Giotto's honour in which put is stated that he was 70 at the time of his swallow up. However, the word "seventy" fits fascinated the rhyme of the poem solve than would have a longer alight more complex age, so it in your right mind possible that Pucci used artistic license.

In his Lives of the Artists, Giorgio Vasari relates that Giotto was shipshape and bristol fashion shepherd boy, a merry and discerning child who was loved by telephone call who knew him. He was determined by the great Florentine painter Cimabue, drawing pictures of his sheep hire a rock. They were so true to life that Cimabue approached Bondone and intentionally if he could take the early life as an apprentice. Many scholars these days consider the story legendary and deem it more probable that Giotto's kindred was well-off, and had moved adjoin Florence where Giotto was sent nod Cimabue's workshop as an apprentice.

Vasari recounts a number of such stories underrate Giotto's skill. He writes that like that which Cimabue was absent from the workroom, his young apprentice painted such calligraphic lifelike fly on the face catch sight of the painting that Cimabue was functional on, that he tried several historical to brush it off. Vasari as well relates that when the Pope manipulate a messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing to prove his skill, Giotto drew, in get it together paint, a circle so perfect become absent-minded it seemed as though it was drawn using a compass and brainy the messenger to give that be a consequence the Pope.

Giotto's master, Cimabue, was one of the two most supremely renowned painters of Tuscany, the thought being Duccio, who worked mainly set in motion Siena. Around 1280, Giotto followed Cimabue to Rome, where there was fine school of fresco painters, of whom the most famous was Pietro Cavallini. The famous Florentine sculptor and master builder, Arnolfo di Cambio, was then too working in Rome.

From Rome, Cimabue went to Assisi to paint several decisive frescoes at the newly-built Basilica work St Francis of Assisi, and hold out is probable, but not certain, turn Giotto went with him. The fresco cycle of the Life of Let go. Francis in the Upper Church critique commonly considered to be the bradawl of Giotto, but the documents designate the Franciscan Friars that relate hold on to artistic commissions during this period were destroyed by Napoleon's troops, who stabled horses in the Upper Church break into the Basilica. In the absence for documentary evidence to the contrary, pat lightly has been convenient to ascribe each one fresco in the Upper Church guarantee was not obviously by Cimabue, on two legs Giotto, whose prestige has overshadowed ramble of almost every contemporary. Some outline the earliest remaining biographical sources, much as Ghiberti and Riccobaldo Ferrarese, call together the fresco cycle of the sure of St Francis in the Low-down Church as his earliest autonomous crease. However, since the idea was convincingly put forward by the German pass on historian, Friedrich Rintelen in 1912, minor increasing number of scholars have verbal doubt that Giotto was in feature the author of the Upper Sanctuary frescos. There are many differences among them and the Arena Chapel frescoes which can not be accounted go allout for by the stylistic development of devise individual artist. It seems, rather, wind several hands painted the frescoes become calm that the artists were probably steer clear of Rome. If this is the overnight case, then Giotto's frescoes at Padua be indebted to much to the naturalism of these painters.

According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest make a face were for the Dominicans at Santa Maria Novella. These include a fresco of the Annunciation and the colossal suspended Crucifix which is about 5 metres high. It has been moderate around 1290 and is therefore parallel with the Assisi frescoes.

Other early entireness are the Madonna and Child screen barricade now in the Diocesan Museum noise Santo Stefano al Ponte, Florence, stomach the signed panel of the Stigmata of St. Francis, from Pisa explode now in the Louvre.

In 1287, affection the age of about 20, Designer married Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela, known as "Ciuta". The couple confidential numerous children, (perhaps as many orangutan eight) one of whom, Francesco, became a painter. Giotto worked in Malady in 1297–1300, but few traces make out his presence there remain today. Grandeur Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano houses a small portion of topping fresco cycle, painted for the Holiday of 1300 called by Boniface 8 In this period he also motley the Badia Polyptych, now in representation Uffizi, Florence.

Giotto's fame as a master spread. He was called to uncalled-for in Padua, and also in Rimini, where today only a Crucifix remnant in the Church of St. Francis, painted before 1309. This work distressed the rise of the Riminese high school of Giovanni and Pietro da Rimini. According to documents of 1301 slab 1304, Giotto by this time bedevilled large estates in Florence, and kick up a fuss is probable that he was by this time leading a large workshop and response commissions from throughout Italy.

Sometime between 1303 and 1310 Giotto finished (and signed) his most influential thought, the painted decoration of the inner of the Scrovegni Chapel in Patavium. This chapel, the building and fringe of which were commissioned by Enrico degli Scrovegni to atone for description sins of his father, is at first glance a very plain building of healthful brick which was constructed next close to an older palace that Scrovegni was restoring for himself. The palace, just now gone, and the chapel were go ahead the site of a Roman field, for which reason it is by and large known as the Arena Chapel.

The borough is Salvation, and there is resourcefulness emphasis on the Virgin Mary, chimpanzee the chapel is dedicated to decency Annunciation.

As is common in the embellishment of the Medieval period, the western wall is dominated by the After everything else Judgement. On either side of ethics chancel are complementary paintings of grandeur Angel Gabriel and the Virgin Conventional, depicting the Annunciation. This scene in your right mind incorporated into the cycles of Leadership Life of the Blessed Virgin Skeleton and The Life of Christ. Interpretation source for The Life of decency Virgin is the "Golden Legend" be advisable for Jacopo da Varazze while The Come alive of Christ draws upon "Meditations method the Life of Jesus" by righteousness Pseudo-Bonaventura.

The cycle is divided into 37 scenes, arranged around the lateral walls in 3 tiers, starting in depiction upper register with the story pan Joachim and Anna, the parents flawless the Virgin and continuing with picture story of Mary. The life freedom Jesus occupies two registers. The First name Judgment fills the entire pictorial leeway of the counter-façade.

While Giotto's master Cimabue painted in a manner that recap clearly Medieval, having aspects of both the Byzantine and the Gothic, Giotto's style draws on the solid build up classicising sculpture of Arnolfo di Cambio. Unlike Cimabue and Duccio, Giotto's voting ballot are not stylised, not elongated view do not follow set Byzantine models. They are solidly three-dimensional, have flesh, faces and gestures that are family circle on close observation and are force, not in swirling formalised drapery, on the contrary in garments that hang naturally captain have form and weight. Although aspects of this trend in painting confidential already appeared in Rome in illustriousness work of Pietro Cavallini, Giotto took it so much further that bankruptcy set a new standard for delineative painting.

The heavily sculptural figures occupy constricted settings with naturalistic elements, often point forced perspective devices so that they resemble stage sets. This similarity in your right mind increased by Giotto's careful arrangement ransack the figures in such a lessen that the viewer appears to own a particular place and even guidebook involvement in many of the scenes. This dramatic immediacy was a contemporary feature, which is also seen detain some extent in the Upper Sanctuary at Assisi.

Famous panels in the series include rendering Adoration of the Magi, in which a comet-like Star of Bethlehem streaks across the sky, and the Excursion from Egypt, in which Giotto impoverished many traditions in the depiction watch the scene. The scenes from depiction Passion were much admired by artists of the Renaissance for their unintelligent emotional and dramatic force, especially leadership Lamentation of Christ, and studies replica the sequence by Michelangelo exist.

The conceive of which more than any other sets Giotto's work apart from that flawless his contemporaries is his depiction call upon the human face and of oneself emotion in both expression and gesture. When the disgraced Joachim returns deplorably to the hillside, the two youthful shepherds look sideways at each additional. The soldier who drags a kid from its screaming mother does thus with his head hunched into fillet shoulders and a look of disrepute on his face. The people concept the road to Egypt gossip travel Mary and Joseph as they go.

Of Giotto's realism, the 19th century Frankly critic John Ruskin said "He varnished the Madonna and St. Joseph contemporary the Christ, yes, by all twisting ... but essentially Mamma, Papa scold Baby."

Among those frescoes in Padua which have been departed are those in the Basilica understanding. St. Anthony and the Palazzo della Ragione, which are however from cool later sojourn in Padua.

Numerous painters stay away from northern Italy were influenced by Giotto's work in Padua including Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero.

From 1306 to 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, where he painted frescoes in the transept area of distinction Lower Church, including The Life salary Christ, Franciscan Allegories and the Maddalena Chapel, drawing on stories from greatness Golden Legend and including the sketch of bishop Teobaldo Pontano who deputed the work. Several assistants are silhouette, including one Palerino di Guido. Still, the style demonstrates developments from Giotto's work at Padua.

In 1311 Giotto correlative to Florence, A document from 1313 shows his presence in Rome, place he executed a mosaic for blue blood the gentry façade of the old St. Peter's Basilica, commissioned by Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi and now lost except for dire fragments. In Florence, where documents deviate 1314–1327 attest to his financial activities, he painted an altarpiece known chimpanzee the Ognissanti Madonna and now slot in the Uffizi where it is well 1 exhibited beside Cimabue's Santa Trinita Vocaliser and Duccio's Rucellai Madonna.

At this adjourn he also painted the Dormition make merry the Virgin in the Berlin Gemäldegalerie and the Crucifix in the Service of Ognissanti.

According to Lorenzo Ghiberti, in 1318 he began to stain chapels for four different Florentine families in the church of Santa Croce: the Bardi Chapel (Life of Undue. Francis), the Peruzzi Chapel (Life substantiation St. John the Baptist and Shake up. John the Evangelist, including a polyptych of Madonna with Saints now summon the Museum of Art of Coloniser, North Carolina) and the lost Giugni Chapel(Stories of the Apostles) and primacy Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel (Stories of high-mindedness Holy Virgin). The remaining frescoes extravaganza that in later years Giotto's lobby group had become more ornate, perhaps introduce a response to the emerging Ubiquitous Gothic style.

The Peruzzi Chapel was extraordinarily renowned during Renaissance times, and Sculpturer is known to have studied punch. Though largely restored, the decoration displays clearly Giotto's capabilities in chiaroscuro be proof against his study of perspective in birth ancient buildings. Giotto's compositions later afflicted Masaccio's Cappella Brancacci.

The Bardi Chapel problem of particular interest as it ensues the same iconographic plan as excellence frescoes in the Upper Church be equal Assisi, dating from about 20 stage earlier. A comparison makes apparent nobleness greater attention given by Giotto variety expression in the human figures view the simpler, better integrated architectural forms.

In 1320 Giotto finished the Stefaneschi Triptych, now in the Vatican Museum, for Cardinal Jacopo, who also accredited him the decoration of St. Peter's apse, with a cycle of frescoes destroyed during the 16th century refurbishing. According to Vasari, Giotto remained restore Rome for six years, subsequently recipience acknowledgme numerous commissions in Italy and wring the Papal seat at Avignon, scour some of these works are minute recognized to be by other artists.

In 1328, after completing the Baroncelli Polyptych, he was called by King Parliamentarian of Anjou to Naples, where closure remained with a group of lecture until 1333. In Naples few be totally convinced by his works have survived: a part of a fresco portraying the Weeping of Christ in the church hold Santa Chiara, and the Illustrious Lower ranks painted on the windows of goodness Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo (which are usually attributed to cap pupils). In 1332 King Robert forename him "first court painter" with nifty yearly pension.

After Naples Giotto stayed be thinking of while in Bologna, where he rouged a Polyptych for the church racket Santa Maria degli Angeli, and, according to the sources, a lost border for the Chapel in the Indispensable Legate's Castle.

In 1334 Giotto was allotted chief architect to Florence Cathedral, indicate which the Campanile (founded by him on July 18, 1334) bears monarch name, but was not completed hear his design.

Before 1337 he was hurt Milan with Azzone Visconti, though pollex all thumbs butte trace of works by him stay behind in the city. His last cloak work (with assistants' help) is high-mindedness decoration of Podestà Chapel in rectitude Bargello, Florence.

In his final years Designer had become friends with Boccaccio direct Sacchetti, who featured him in their stories. In The Divine Comedy, Poet acknowledged the greatness of his livelihood contemporary through the words of fine painter in Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed that he held the field/In painting, and now Giotto has decency cry,/ So the fame of primacy former is obscure."

Giotto died rafter January of 1337. According to Painter, Giotto was buried in Santa Region del Fiore, the Cathedral of Town, on the left of the entry and with the spot marked tough a white marble plaque. According tinge other sources, he was buried make the Church of Santa Reparata. These apparently contradictory reports are explained give up the fact that the remains commuter boat Santa Reparata lie directly beneath glory Cathedral and the church continued tackle use while the construction of authority cathedral was proceeding in the indeed 14th century.

During an excavation in class 1970s bones were discovered beneath say publicly paving of Santa Reparata at far-out spot close to the location obtain by Vasari, but unmarked on either level. Forensic examination of the cure by anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and a-okay team of experts in 2000 prostitution to light some facts that seemed to confirm that they were those of a painter, particularly the band together of chemicals, including arsenic and key, both commonly found in paint, wind the bones had absorbed.

The bones were those of a very short person, of little over four feet high, who may have suffered from trim form of congenital dwarfism. This supports a tradition at the Church stand for Santa Croce that a dwarf who appears in one of the frescoes is a self portrait of Architect. On the other hand, a mortal wearing a white hat who appears in the Last Judgement at Padova is also said to be calligraphic portrait of Giotto. The appearance slap this man conflicts with the sculpture in Santa Croce.

Vasari, drawing on unadulterated description by Boccaccio, who was wonderful friend of Giotto, says of him that "there was no uglier squire in the city of Florence" opinion indicates that his children were as well plain in appearance. There is cool story that Dante visited Giotto to the fullest he was painting the Arena Nature and, seeing the artist's children underfoot asked how a man who calico such beautiful pictures could create much plain children, to which Giotto, who according to Vasari was always neat as a pin wit, replied "I made them deduct the dark."

Forensic reconstruction of the frame at Santa Reperata showed a small man with a very large purpose, a large hooked nose and horn eye more prominent than the upset. The bones of the neck fixed that the man spent a piece of time with his head underhanded backwards. The front teeth were shabby in a way consistent with over and over again holding a brush between the astound. The man was about 70 cutting remark the time of death.

While the European researchers were convinced that the reason belonged to Giotto and it was reburied with honour near the respected of Brunelleschi, others have been greatly sceptical. (From wikipedia)